{"id":11130,"date":"2025-10-23T14:05:33","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T12:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=11130"},"modified":"2025-11-25T13:33:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T12:33:54","slug":"statistika-prakticky-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/statistika-prakticky-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Statistika-prakticky-6"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11130\" class=\"elementor elementor-11130\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f672ed elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"6f672ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbeb470\" data-id=\"bbeb470\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d82f1ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d82f1ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160TATISTIKA PRAKTICKY (NIELEN) V Z\u00c1VERE\u010cN\u00ddCH PR\u00c1CACH<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6.PRINC\u00cdPY \u0160TATISTICK\u00c9HO TESTOVANIA, VO\u013dBA TESTOVACIEHO KRIT\u00c9RIA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00fdm \u0161tatistick\u00e1 deskripcia sl\u00fa\u017ei k usporiadaniu a popisu d\u00e1t, \u0161tatistick\u00e1 inferencia, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 i indukt\u00edvna \u0161tatistika, n\u00e1m u\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje sledova\u0165 s\u00favislosti medzi javmi \u2013 testova\u0165 stanoven\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy \u010di zodpoveda\u0165 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161tatistick\u00fdch testov.<br>\nVzh\u013eadom na vedeck\u00fa a empirick\u00fa povahu sk\u00famania, i tu uplat\u0148ujeme presne stanoven\u00e9 kroky a pravidl\u00e1 (Soll\u00e1r, Ritomsk\u00fd, 2002):\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n<li> vymedzenie teoretickej hypot\u00e9zy;<\/li>\n<li> operacionaliz\u00e1cia pojmov;<\/li>\n<li> vymedzenie empirickej hypot\u00e9zy;<\/li>\n<li> formul\u00e1cia nulovej hypot\u00e9zy;<\/li>\n<li> stanovenie hladiny v\u00fdznamnosti;<\/li>\n<li> vo\u013eba \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testovacieho krit\u00e9ria a v\u00fdpo\u010det \u0161tatist\u00edk;<\/li>\n<li> \u0161tatistick\u00e1 deskripcia;<\/li>\n<li> \u0161tatistick\u00e1 inferencia;<\/li>\n<li> konzekvencie pre empirick\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu;<\/li>\n<li> konzekvencie pre teoretick\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nZ uveden\u00fdch krokov sme sa nevenovali t\u00e9me stanovenie hladiny v\u00fdznamnosti a samotnej vo\u013ebe \u0161tatistick\u00fdch testov, ktor\u00e9 si uvedieme v nasleduj\u00facom texte. V r\u00e1mci t\u00e9my v\u00fdberu testov, ktor\u00e1 tvor\u00ed predpoklad spr\u00e1vnej anal\u00fdzy a n\u00e1slednej interpret\u00e1cie d\u00e1t, vysvetl\u00edme nosn\u00fa t\u00e9mu normality premenn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f3c93b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f3c93b5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-df41328\" data-id=\"df41328\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb19483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb19483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6.1 Stanovenie hladiny v\u00fdznamnosti<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b080f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b080f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vzh\u013eadom na nepriamos\u0165 merania v psychol\u00f3gii, kedy meriame len hypotetick\u00e9 kon\u0161trukty, na ktor\u00fdch existenciu usudzujeme cez ich manifestn\u00e9 prejavy, sa mus\u00edme vysporiada\u0165 s chybovos\u0165ou merania. V humanitn\u00fdch a soci\u00e1lnych ved\u00e1ch pracujeme s 5% pravdepodobnos\u0165ou (0,05) \u2013 mierou rizika, \u017ee prijmeme hypot\u00e9zu, ktor\u00e1 nie je pravdiv\u00e1. T\u00fato hodnotu zaviedol do \u0161tatistiky v roku 1925 Ronald Fisher a naz\u00fdva sa Alfa (Kelley, 2016). V\u00fdsledky s\u00fa platn\u00e9 vtedy, ak je hodnota p \u2013 pravdepodobnos\u0165 (\u0161tatistick\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnos\u0165 = Sig.) men\u0161ia ako 5%. V tomto pr\u00edpade ozna\u010d\u00edme v\u00fdsledky za \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. Hodnotu \u201ep\u201c (Sig.) vypo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 testy, ktor\u00e9 realizujeme v \u0161tatistickom programe (napr. v SPSS, v Exceli, v PSPP a pod.), a teda s\u00fa podstatnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161tatistickej inferencie. Hodnota \u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti je odvoden\u00e1 z v\u00fdslednej hodnoty pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho testu (napr. t -testu, F pri ANOVA, r korela\u010dn\u00fd koeficient a pod., hodnota Ch\u00ed-kvadr\u00e1tu), pr\u00edpadne stup\u0148ov vo\u013enosti\na po\u010dtu pr\u00edpadov (respondentov, participantov) vzorky, na ktorej d\u00e1tach bol test\naplikovan\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea hodnoty p (Sig.) rozli\u0161ujeme tri stupne \u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li>pravdepodobnos\u0165 menej ako 5%, \u017ee v\u00fdsledok je chybn\u00fd: p (Sig.) < 0,05;<\/li>\n \t<li>pravdepodobnos\u0165 menej ako 1%, \u017ee v\u00fdsledok je chybn\u00fd: p (Sig.) < 0,01;<\/li>\n \t<li>pravdepodobnos\u0165 menej ako 0,1%, \u017ee v\u00fdsledok je chybn\u00fd: p (Sig.) < 0,001.<\/li>\n<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-50d710f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"50d710f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-776f73c\" data-id=\"776f73c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d654d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d654d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6.2 Pravidl\u00e1 v\u00fdberu testov. Vo\u013eba \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testovacieho krit\u00e9ria<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9a529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe9a529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u00e1strojmi \u0161tatistickej inferencie s\u00fa \u0160TATISTICK\u00c9 TESTY. V\u00fdber testu resp. vhodnos\u0165 konkr\u00e9tneho \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho krit\u00e9ria sa odv\u00edja od nieko\u013ek\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li><strong>Typ premennej pod\u013ea \u00farovne merania<\/strong>: kardin\u00e1lna, ordin\u00e1lna, nomin\u00e1lna. Ako sme uviedli v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej kapitole, od \u00farovne merania premennej z\u00e1vis\u00ed, ak\u00e9 matematick\u00e9 a \u0161tatistick\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eeme s danou premennou\nvykon\u00e1va\u0165. K\u00fdm napr. pri kardin\u00e1lnej \u00farovni m\u00f4\u017eeme pracova\u0165 s priemermi, pri nomin\u00e1lnej len s po\u010detnos\u0165ami. Jednotliv\u00e9 testy pracuj\u00fa pr\u00e1ve s vybran\u00fdmi matematick\u00fdmi charakteristikami. Del\u00edme ich na <strong>parametrick<\/strong>\u00e9 pre kardin\u00e1lnu \u00farove\u0148 (ak je splnen\u00e1 podmienka normality, vi\u010f ni\u017e\u0161ie) a <strong>neparametrick\u00e9<\/strong> pre ostatn\u00e9 \u00farovne merania (alebo v pr\u00edpade nepotvrdenia normality kardin\u00e1lnej premennej)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Teoretick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong>: testy del\u00edme pod\u013ea toho, \u010di sleduj\u00fa vz\u0165ahy medzi premenn\u00fdmi (<strong>korela\u010dn\u00e9<\/strong> testy), alebo rozdiely medzi skupinami (<strong>kompara\u010dn\u00e9<\/strong> testy).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Normalita rozlo\u017eenia premennej<\/strong>: d\u00e1ta KARDIN\u00c1LNEJ premennej, s ktor\u00fdmi pracujeme, musia sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 podmienku norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia, po jej splnen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvame pre kardin\u00e1lnu) premenn\u00fa parametrick\u00e9 testy, pri nesplnen\u00ed podmienky normality testy neparametrick\u00e9.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Krit\u00e9rium normality sa zhodnocuje aj vzh\u013eadom na ve\u013ekos\u0165 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho\ns\u00faboru, pr\u00edpadne porovn\u00e1van\u00fdch skup\u00edn. Normalitu je potrebn\u00e9 dodr\u017ea\u0165 najm\u00e4 v mal\u00fdch s\u00faboroch (n < 50) a pokia\u013e premenn\u00e1 nie je meran\u00e1 \u0161tandardizovan\u00fdm merac\u00edm n\u00e1strojom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-400c18b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"400c18b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-53bad9a\" data-id=\"53bad9a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b01646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b01646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6.3 Normalita: norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie premennej<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e595e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1e595e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Normalita znamen\u00e1 zhodu rozlo\u017eenia premennej v na\u0161ej v\u00fdskumnej vzorke s \u201enorm\u00e1lnou\u201c \u2013 celou, be\u017enou popul\u00e1ciou. Normalita s\u00favis\u00ed s o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00edm, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 javy v \u017eivote maj\u00fa tzv. norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie pod\u013ea Gaussovej krivky \u2013 <strong>Gaussovho rozdelenia pravdepodobnosti<\/strong>, kde plat\u00ed tzv. pravidlo 3 sigma\n(Rimar\u010d\u00edk, 2007):<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li>V rozp\u00e4t\u00ed jednej \u0161tandardnej odch\u00fdlky na obe strany od priemeru le\u017e\u00ed 68%\nv\u0161etk\u00fdch os\u00f4b, u ktor\u00fdch bol odhad roben\u00fd.<\/li>\n \t<li>V rozp\u00e4t\u00ed druh\u00fdch nasleduj\u00facich \u0161tandardn\u00fdch odch\u00fdlok na obe strany od\npriemeru sa nach\u00e1dza \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 28% z meran\u00fdch os\u00f4b.<\/li>\n \t<li>V rozp\u00e4t\u00ed tret\u00edch odch\u00fdlok na obe strany sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161ie 4% z  meran\u00fdch os\u00f4b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaff55b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aaff55b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typick\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom je inteligencia, ale pre zjednodu\u0161ene si m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 v\u00fd\u0161ku. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina os\u00f4b je priemerne vysok\u00e1, \u010das\u0165 nadpriemerne alebo podpriemere, a len mal\u00e9 percento os\u00f4b je ve\u013emi n\u00edzkych alebo ve\u013emi vysok\u00fdch .<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19779a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19779a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Normalita s\u00favis\u00ed s tzv. <u>centr\u00e1lnou limitnou vetou<\/u>, ktor\u00e1 hovor\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch s\u010d\u00edtancov, t\u00fdm vy\u0161\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165 norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia javu. Z toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det os\u00f4b vo v\u00fdskumnom s\u00fabore, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165 splnenia podmienky norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia premennej v r\u00e1mci v\u00fdskumu.<br \/>T\u00e9ma normality preto s\u00favis\u00ed s t\u00e9mou <u>v\u00fdberu a reprezentat\u00edvnosti v\u00fdskumnej vzorky<\/u>, s ktorou pracujeme. Nie je prakticky mo\u017en\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci v\u00fdskumov sk\u00fama\u0165 cel\u00e9 popul\u00e1cie (z\u00e1kladn\u00fd s\u00fabor) a v\u017edy z nich vyber\u00e1me pod\u013ea ur\u010dit\u00fdch vopred stanoven\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed iba \u010das\u0165 (v\u00fdskumn\u00fd, v\u00fdberov\u00fd s\u00fabor), pri\u010dom najvhodnej\u0161\u00ed je pravdepodobnostn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob v\u00fdberu.<br \/>Vzh\u013eadom na uveden\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 v\u017edy pred v\u00fdberom testov, ktor\u00e9 budeme v anal\u00fdze pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, overi\u0165 normalitu (kardin\u00e1lnych) premenn\u00fdch. Jednotliv\u00e9 testy toti\u017e pracuj\u00fa s rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi matematick\u00fdmi oper\u00e1ciami. PARAMETRICK\u00c9 TESTY vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa priemer, NEPARAMETRICK\u00c9 pracuj\u00fa s porad\u00edm a po\u010detnos\u0165ami. Ke\u010f\u017ee priemer ako miera stredu je citliv\u00fd na extr\u00e9mne hodnoty, pokia\u013e nie je zabezpe\u010den\u00e9 norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie, v\u00fdsledky testovania by pri nespr\u00e1vnej aplik\u00e1cii boli skreslen\u00e9.<br \/>V zmysle centr\u00e1lnej limitnej vety (vi\u010f vy\u0161\u0161ie) plat\u00ed, \u017ee so vzrastaj\u00facim po\u010dtom pr\u00edpadov vo vzorke kles\u00e1 riziko, \u017ee by v\u00fdsledky parametrick\u00e9ho testu aj pri nie norm\u00e1lnom rozdelen\u00ed premenn\u00fdch boli skreslen\u00e9.<br \/>Preto sa jednak vo v\u00fdskume sna\u017e\u00edme o dosiahnutie n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho a \u010d\u00edm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho v\u00fdberu participantov, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 vo\u013ebe \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testovacieho krit\u00e9ria predch\u00e1dza overenie normality (kardin\u00e1lnych premenn\u00fdch).\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sp\u00f4soby overovania<\/strong>:<\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>Grafick\u00e9 zobrazenie: histogram prelo\u017een\u00fd Gaussovou krivkou.<\/li><li>Miery centr\u00e1lnej tendencie: priemer, medi\u00e1n, modus \u2013 maj\u00fa ma\u0165 pribli\u017ene<br \/>rovnak\u00fa hodnotu.<\/li><li>Miery tvaru: ukazovatele tvaru distrib\u00facie \u2013 \u0161ikmos\u0165 a \u0161picatos\u0165 \u2013 nesm\u00fa<br \/>presiahnu\u0165 hodnotu \u00b1 1.<\/li><li>Testy normality: v psychol\u00f3gii \u0161tandardne pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 s\u00fa Kolmogorov-Smirnov<br \/>(pre ve\u013ek\u00e9 v\u00fdbery) a Shapiro-Wilkov test (pre mal\u00e9 v\u00fdbery).<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00d4LE\u017dIT\u00c9: Pri overovan\u00ed norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia premennej plat\u00ed, \u017ee ju overujeme pre ka\u017ed\u00fd s\u00fabor pre ktor\u00fd chceme anal\u00fdzu realizova\u0165. Ak vo v\u00fdskume porovn\u00e1vame skupiny, parametrick\u00fd test m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00fd iba vtedy, ak je v obidvoch skupin\u00e1ch potvrden\u00e9 norm\u00e1lne rozdelenie sk\u00famanej premennej (pou\u017eijeme vtedy rozdelenie v\u00fdsledkov testovania pr\u00edkazom SPLIT FILE).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49c3a25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49c3a25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Napr\u00edklad, ak porovn\u00e1vame chlapcov a diev\u010dat\u00e1 v miere empatii, mus\u00edme overi\u0165 norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie premennej empatia zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pre s\u00fabor diev\u010dat a zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pre s\u00fabor chlapcov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940450a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940450a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. GRAFICK\u00c9 ZOBRAZENIE<\/strong><br \/>Postup v SPSS:<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>GRAPHS\/ LEGACY DIALOGS\/ HISTOGRAM: do okna <strong>VARIABLE<\/strong><br \/>presunieme z v\u00fdberovej \u010dasti v\u013eavo premenn\u00fa, za\u0161krtneme <strong>DISPLAY NORMAL CURVE<\/strong>, potom klikneme \/OK.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Interpret\u00e1cia:<\/p><ul><li>Zhodnotenie podobnosti s Gaussovou krivkou norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia. Tzn. st\u013apce histogramu maj\u00fa \u010do najviac kop\u00edrova\u0165 tvar krivky, nesm\u00fa obsahova\u0165 viacer\u00e9 vrcholy, najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bod (modus) m\u00e1 by\u0165 z\u00e1rove\u0148 v strede (priemer), krivka nesmie by\u0165 naklonen\u00e1 do\u013eava ani doprava, nesmie by\u0165 pr\u00edli\u0161 strm\u00e1 ani pr\u00edli\u0161 splo\u0161ten\u00e1.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. MIERY CENTR\u00c1LNEJ TENDENCIE<\/strong><br \/>Postup v SPSS:<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS\/ FREQUENCIES: z \u013eav\u00e9ho v\u00fdberov\u00e9ho okna presunieme premenn\u00fa do <strong>VARIABLE(S)<\/strong>, klikneme na tla\u010didlo \/STATISTICS, zapneme po\u017eadovan\u00e9 tatistiky: <strong>MEAN, MEDIAN, MODUS,<\/strong> klikneme \/CONTINUE a \/OK.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Interpret\u00e1cia:<\/p><ul><li>ak v\u0161etky tri miery nadob\u00fadaj\u00fa pribli\u017ene t\u00fa ist\u00fa hodnotu, usudzujeme na norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>C. MIERY TVARU<\/strong><br \/>Miery tvaru s\u00fa ukazovatele tvaru distrib\u00facie miera \u0161ikmosti \u2013 SKEWNESS a miera<br \/>\u0161picatosti \u2013 KURTOSIS<\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>Miery \u0161ikmosti: s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na porovnan\u00ed stup\u0148a koncentr\u00e1cie mal\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t<br \/>sledovan\u00e9ho \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho znaku so stup\u0148om koncentr\u00e1cie ve\u013ek\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t tohto<br \/>znaku. Rovnak\u00fd stupe\u0148 hustoty mal\u00fdch a ve\u013ek\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t sa prejavuje v symetrii tvaru rozdelenia po\u010detnost\u00ed. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed stupe\u0148 koncentr\u00e1cie mal\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t v porovnan\u00ed s koncentr\u00e1ciou ve\u013ek\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t sa prejav\u00ed zo\u0161ikmen\u00edm tvaru rozdelenia do\u013eava (pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 miera \u0161ikmosti je z\u00e1porn\u00e1). Naopak v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia koncentr\u00e1cia ve\u013ek\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t v porovnan\u00ed s hustotou mal\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t sa prejav\u00ed spravidla zo\u0161ikmen\u00edm tvaru rozdelenia po\u010detnost\u00ed doprava (pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 miera \u0161ikmosti je kladn\u00e1).<\/li><li>Miery \u0161picatosti: s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na porovn\u00e1van\u00ed stup\u0148a koncentr\u00e1cie hodn\u00f4t prostrednej ve\u013ekosti so stup\u0148om nahustenia ostatn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t. Ak je podiel po\u010detnosti prostredn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t porovnate\u013en\u00fd s po\u010detnos\u0165ami ostatn\u00fdch, resp. v\u0161etk\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t premennej, \u0161picatos\u0165 sa prejavuje spravidla ploch\u00fdm tvarom rozdelenia po\u010detnost\u00ed, naopak, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed stupe\u0148 koncentr\u00e1cie prostredn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t v porovnan\u00ed s po\u010detnos\u0165ami v\u0161etk\u00fdch ostatn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t sa prejav\u00ed \u0161picat\u00fdm tvarom rozdelenia po\u010detnost\u00ed.<\/li><\/ul><p>Postup v SPSS:<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ FREQUENCIES; presunieme pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fa premenn\u00fa, klikneme na tla\u010didlo \/STATISTICS, zapneme po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u0161tatistiky: <strong>SKEWNESS<\/strong> a <strong>KURTOSIS<\/strong>, klikneme \/CONTINUE a \/OK.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Interpret\u00e1cia:<\/p><ul><li>Hodnota koeficientu v intervale -1 a\u017e +1 vypoved\u00e1, \u017ee rozlo\u017eenie vykazuje podobnos\u0165 s norm\u00e1lnym rozlo\u017een\u00edm<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>D. TESTY NORMALITY<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>Shapiro-Wilkov test normality (pre men\u0161ie v\u00fdberov\u00e9 s\u00fabory \u2013 s N do 50)<\/li><li>Kolmogorov-Smirnovov test normality (pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie v\u00fdberov\u00e9 s\u00fabory \u2013 s N nad 50)<\/li><\/ul><p>Postup v SPSS:<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS\/ EXPLORE: do okna <strong>DEPENDENT LIST<\/strong> vlo\u017e\u00edme premenn\u00fa z \u013eavej v\u00fdberovej \u010dasti, otvor\u00edme \/PLOTS, za\u0161krtneme <strong>NORMALITY PLOTS WITH TESTS<\/strong>. Odklikneme \/CONTINUE a \/OK.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Interpret\u00e1cia:<\/p><ul><li>Ak p &gt; 0,05 interpretujeme, \u017ee d\u00e1ta s\u00fa norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017een\u00e9<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d89425d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d89425d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f5c456\" data-id=\"8f5c456\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1cd131 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1cd131\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6.4 Druhy bivaria\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161tatistick\u00fdch testov<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1034c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1034c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed v\u0161etk\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed pre vo\u013ebu \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testu (typ premennej pod\u013ea \u00farovne merania, teoretick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za, normalita rozlo\u017eenia premennej a ve\u013ekos\u0165 v\u00fdskumnej vzorky \u010di porovn\u00e1van\u00fdch skup\u00edn), zvol\u00edme vhodn\u00fd bivaria\u010dn\u00fd \u0161tatistick\u00fd test k overeniu stanoven\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z. Tabu\u013eka 1 poskytuje preh\u013ead \u0161tandardn\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch testov pod\u013ea druhu anal\u00fdzy a \u00farovne merania premennej, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v inferen\u010dn\u00fdch anal\u00fdzach na \u00farovni z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00fdch\n\u0161tudentsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1c v odbore Psychol\u00f3gia.<br>\nUveden\u00fd zoznam dostupn\u00e9 \u0161tatistick\u00e9 inferen\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy nevy\u010derp\u00e1va. V pr\u00edpade ur\u010dit\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z a premenn\u00fdch je aj na bivaria\u010dnej \u00farovni mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 testy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pre konkr\u00e9tne podmienky citlivej\u0161ie, presnej\u0161ie (napr. McNemarov test, koeficienty Kendallovo tau, Eta, Lambda, Gama, Fisherov exaktn\u00fd test a pod., viac in Tom\u0161\u00edk, 2017). Nadstavbou nad z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi \u0161tatistick\u00fdmi testami s\u00fa met\u00f3dy testovania jednoduch\u00fdch \u010di multivaria\u010dn\u00fdch kauz\u00e1lnych modelov, a to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na b\u00e1ze anal\u00fdzy rozptylu (Multi-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, MANCOVA a pod.) a regresn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy (line\u00e1rna, logistick\u00e1 a pod.) (viac napr. McQueen, Knussen, 2013; Dancey, Reidy, 2011; Howel, 2010) .<br>\nAplik\u00e1cii vybran\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch testov sa venujeme podrobne v nasleduj\u00facich kapitol\u00e1ch publik\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70440fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70440fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 1 Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9, \u0161tandardne v psychol\u00f3gii pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 bivaria\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161tatistick\u00e9 testy<\/em><\/p><div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\"><table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; !important; background-color: white; font-size: 16px !important; margin: 0 auto;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; width: 25%;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; width: 25%;\"><strong>Kardin\u00e1lna<br \/>premenn\u00e1<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; width: 25%;\"><strong>Ordin\u00e1lna<br \/>premenn\u00e1<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; width: 25%;\"><strong>Nomin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1 <\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\"><strong>Vz\u0165ah dvoch<br \/>premenn\u00fdch<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Pearsonov korela\u010dn\u00fd koeficient<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Spearmanov korela\u010dn\u00fd koeficient<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Cramerovo V (kontingencia)<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\"><strong>Kompar\u00e1cia dvoch popul\u00e1cii <\/strong> (v\u00fdberov)<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Studentov t test pre dva nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 v\u00fdbery<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Mann Whitneyho U test<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\" rowspan=\"2\">Ch\u00ed-kvadr\u00e1t test homogenity<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\"><strong>Kompar\u00e1cia<br \/>viacer\u00fdch popul\u00e1cii <\/strong> (v\u00fdberov)<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">One-way ANOVA<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Kruskal-Wallisova<br \/>anal\u00fdza rozptylu<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\"><strong>Kompar\u00e1cia z\u00e1visl\u00fdch v\u00fdberov<\/strong> (premenn\u00fdch, viacer\u00fdch meran\u00ed)<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Studentov t-test pre dva z\u00e1visl\u00e9 v\u00fdbery ANOVA pre opakovan\u00e9 merania<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Wilcoxonov poradov\u00fd test, Friedmanov poradov\u00fd test<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white;\">Mc.Nemarov test, Cochranov Q test<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-720eb8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720eb8f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-714babc\" data-id=\"714babc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b8b47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85b8b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ZHRNUTIE<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34bf5ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34bf5ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-check-square\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><\/i>Aplik\u00e1cia \u0161tatistick\u00fdch testov \u2013 \u0161tatistick\u00e1 indukcia: umo\u017e\u0148uje testova\u0165 stanoven\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy alebo odpoveda\u0165 na v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky.<br>\n<i class=\"fas fa-check-square\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><\/i>\u0160tatistick\u00e9 testovanie sa riadi presne stanoven\u00fdmi krokmi a pravidlami.<br>\n<i class=\"fas fa-check-square\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><\/i>Vo\u013eba vhodn\u00e9ho \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testu sa odv\u00edja od typu premennej pod\u013ea \u00farovne merania, teoretickej hypot\u00e9zy a normality rozlo\u017eenia premennej.<br>\n<i class=\"fas fa-check-square\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><\/i>Normalita \u2013 norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie premennej znamen\u00e1 zhodu rozlo\u017eenia premennej v na\u0161ej v\u00fdskumnej vzorke s \u201enorm\u00e1lnou\u201c \u2013 celou popul\u00e1ciou.<br>\n<i class=\"fas fa-check-square\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><\/i>K overeniu norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia premennej pou\u017e\u00edvame grafick\u00e9 zobrazenie, miery centr\u00e1lnej tendencie, miery tvaru a testy normality.<br>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6bab0ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6bab0ac\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd1cb42\" data-id=\"bd1cb42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722975a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"722975a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00daLOHY KU KAPITOL\u00c1M 1 \u2013 6<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb191e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb191e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol>\n<li>Predmetom sk\u00famania s\u00fa soci\u00e1lne kompetencie a empatia vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdch \u0161tudentov.\nK zberu \u00fadajov pou\u017e\u00edvame: Dotazn\u00edk soci\u00e1lnych kompetenci\u00ed, ktor\u00fd obsahuje dve dimenzie soci\u00e1lnych kompetenci\u00ed: ofenzivita a reflexivita, meran\u00e9 na Likertovej \u0161k\u00e1le a Dotazn\u00edk empatie, ktor\u00fd meria celkov\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 empatie na Likertovej \u0161k\u00e1le a taktie\u017e\nobsahuje dve dimenzie: kognit\u00edvna a afekt\u00edvna empatia. Pre overenie norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia premenn\u00fdch sme pou\u017eili Kolmogorov-Smirnovov test normality, pri\u010dom\nhodnota pre v\u0161etky premenn\u00e9 bola men\u0161ia ako 0,05.\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li>Formulujte teoretick\u00fa a empirick\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu :\n<ul>\n<li> Jednosmernn\u00fa aj dvojsmernn\u00fa.\n<li> V pr\u00edpade potreby \u010diastkov\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy.\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li> Zhodno\u0165te normalitu rozlo\u017eenia premenn\u00fdch pod\u013ea v\u00fdsledku testu normality.<\/li>\n<li> Ur\u010dite, ak\u00fd test pou\u017eijeme (parametrick\u00fd\/neparametrick\u00fd, druh testu).<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li> Predmetom sk\u00famania je empatia u chlapcov a diev\u010dat. K zberu \u00fadajov pou\u017e\u00edvame:\nDotazn\u00edk empatie, ktor\u00fd meria celkov\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 empatie na Likertovej \u0161k\u00e1le a obsahuje\ndve dimenzie: kognit\u00edvna a afekt\u00edvna empatia. Pre overenie norm\u00e1lneho rozlo\u017eenia premenn\u00fdch sme pou\u017eili Shapiro-Wilkov test normality, pri\u010dom hodnota pre v\u0161etky premenn\u00e9 bola v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ako 0,05.\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li> Formulujte teoretick\u00fa a empirick\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu :\n<ul>\n<li> Jednosmernn\u00fa aj dvojsmernn\u00fa.<\/li>\n<li> V pr\u00edpade potreby \u010diastkov\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li> Zhodno\u0165te normalitu rozlo\u017eenia premenn\u00fdch pod\u013ea v\u00fdsledku testu normality.<\/li>\n<li> Ur\u010dite, ak\u00fd test pou\u017eijeme (parametrick\u00fd\/neparametrick\u00fd, druh testu).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0160TATISTIKA PRAKTICKY (NIELEN) V Z\u00c1VERE\u010cN\u00ddCH PR\u00c1CACH 6.PRINC\u00cdPY \u0160TATISTICK\u00c9HO TESTOVANIA, VO\u013dBA TESTOVACIEHO KRIT\u00c9RIA K\u00fdm \u0161tatistick\u00e1 deskripcia sl\u00fa\u017ei k usporiadaniu a popisu d\u00e1t, \u0161tatistick\u00e1 inferencia, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 i indukt\u00edvna \u0161tatistika, n\u00e1m u\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje sledova\u0165 s\u00favislosti medzi javmi \u2013 testova\u0165 stanoven\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy \u010di zodpoveda\u0165 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161tatistick\u00fdch testov. Vzh\u013eadom na vedeck\u00fa a empirick\u00fa povahu sk\u00famania, i tu uplat\u0148ujeme [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11130","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11130"}],"version-history":[{"count":67,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13502,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11130\/revisions\/13502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}