{"id":11535,"date":"2025-10-27T14:25:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T13:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=11535"},"modified":"2025-11-25T14:43:07","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T13:43:07","slug":"statistika-prakticky-9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/statistika-prakticky-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Statistika-prakticky-9"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11535\" class=\"elementor elementor-11535\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f672ed elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"6f672ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbeb470\" data-id=\"bbeb470\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d82f1ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d82f1ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160TATISTIKA PRAKTICKY (NIELEN) V Z\u00c1VERE\u010cN\u00ddCH PR\u00c1CACH<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">9. KOMPAR\u00c1CIA KVANTITAT\u00cdVNYCH PREMENN\u00ddCH MEDZI NEZ\u00c1VISL\u00ddMI V\u00ddBERMI<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vo v\u00fdskumoch sa bez kompar\u00e1cie m\u00e1lokedy zaob\u00eddeme, preto\u017ee ve\u013emi \u010dasto je jednou z premenn\u00fdch, medzi ktor\u00fdmi sledujeme s\u00favislosti, kategorick\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 (pohlavie, vekov\u00e9 skupiny, typ \u0161tudijn\u00e9ho odboru, typ rodiny a pod.) a druhou je kvantitat\u00edvna premenn\u00e1 (meran\u00e9 hodnoty z dotazn\u00edkov, testov, \u010das a pod., \u010di\u017ee kardin\u00e1lne \u010di ordin\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9). S\u00favislos\u0165 sa v tomto pr\u00edpade d\u00e1 zisti\u0165 t\u00fdm, \u017ee budeme predpoklada\u0165 rozdielne hodnoty medzi skupinami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa definovan\u00e9\nkategorickou premennou. Napr\u00edklad, m\u00f4\u017eeme predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee \u017eeny bud\u00fa ma\u0165\nvy\u0161\u0161ie sk\u00f3re v dotazn\u00edku empatie ne\u017e mu\u017ei, \u010do vecne, laicky sved\u010d\u00ed o s\u00favislosti\nmedzi empatiou a pohlav\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Skupiny, ktor\u00e9 porovn\u00e1vame m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 <strong>DVE<\/strong> alebo <strong>3 A VIAC<\/strong>, osobitn\u00fdm typom je porovnanie <strong>Z\u00c1VISL\u00ddCH V\u00ddBEROV<\/strong> (1. a 2., pr\u00edpadne 3. a \u010fal\u0161ie meranie rovnakej premennej v jednom a tom istom s\u00fabore), ktor\u00e9 je predmetom spracovania v kapitole 11. Pre ka\u017ed\u00fa alternat\u00edvu existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne parametrick\u00e9 a neparametrick\u00e9 testy. Vo\u013eba PARAMETRICK\u00c9HO \u010di NEPARAMETRICK\u00c9HO testu z\u00e1vis\u00ed predov\u0161etk\u00fdm od typu porovn\u00e1vanej premennej, teda \u010di ide o kardin\u00e1lnu alebo ordin\u00e1lnu. Parametrick\u00e9 testy s\u00fa usp\u00f4soben\u00e9 pre kardin\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 by mali sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch porovn\u00e1van\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch krit\u00e9rium norm\u00e1lneho rozdelenia (mus\u00ed sa predt\u00fdm testova\u0165 normalita vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 sa porovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa), preto\u017ee pracuje na princ\u00edpe porovnania priemerov. Neparametrick\u00e9 testy pracuj\u00fa na princ\u00edpe porovnania porad\u00ed (Walker, 2010) a s\u00fa vhodn\u00e9 pre pr\u00e1cu s ordin\u00e1lnymi \u010di nie norm\u00e1lne rozdelen\u00fdmi kardin\u00e1lnymi premenn\u00fdmi. Podrobnej\u0161ie pravidl\u00e1 pri v\u00fdbere \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testu n\u00e1jdete v kapitole 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f3c93b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f3c93b5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-df41328\" data-id=\"df41328\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb19483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb19483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">9.1 Kompar\u00e1cia kvantitat\u00edvnej premennej medzi 2 skupinami (2 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 v\u00fdbery)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82191e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82191e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V aktu\u00e1lnej \u010dasti sa budeme venova\u0165 kompara\u010dn\u00fdm testom 2 nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch v\u00fdberov, teda pr\u00edkladom, kde ur\u010dit\u00fa kvantitat\u00edvnu premenn\u00fa porovn\u00e1vame medzi dvoma skupinami.<\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>Pokia\u013e je porovn\u00e1van\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 kardin\u00e1lna (K), prv\u00fdm krokom je testovanie normality, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 vykona\u0165 v oboch skupin\u00e1ch samostatne<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Postup v Pr\u00edlohe A, Pr\u00edklad 2\">15<\/span>. Ak je premenn\u00e1 v oboch skupin\u00e1ch norm\u00e1lne rozdelen\u00e1 (aspo\u0148 pod\u013ea Shapiro-Wilkovho testu), m\u00f4\u017eeme pou\u017ei\u0165 parametrick\u00fd test \u2013 STUDENTOV T-TEST, pokia\u013e nie, pou\u017eije sa neparametrick\u00fd \u2013 MANN-WHITNEYHO U TEST.<\/li><li>Pokia\u013e porovn\u00e1vame ordin\u00e1lnu premenn\u00fa (O), priamo pou\u017eijeme neparametrick\u00fd test, teda MANN-WHITNEYHO U TEST.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V oboch variantoch testov (parametrickom i neparametrickom) sa \u0161tatistick\u00e1 interpret\u00e1cia opiera o:<\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>zhodnotenie <strong>\u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti Sig.<\/strong>:<ul><li>pokia\u013e t\u00e1to je men\u0161ia ako stanoven\u00e1 hladina \u03b1 (\u0161tandardne 0,05), rozdiel je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (Sig. &lt; 0,05),<ul><li>interpretuje sa \u010falej <strong>smerovanie rozdielu<\/strong>, teda v ktorej skupine je vy\u0161\u0161ie\/ni\u017e\u0161ie sk\u00f3re (v parametrickom pod\u013ea priemerov, v neparametrickom pod\u013ea priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>pokia\u013e je Sig. &gt; 0,05, rozdiel nie je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, na v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku (Existuje rozdiel v&#8230;. medzi&#8230;?) odpoved\u00e1me z\u00e1porne, alebo zamietame hypot\u00e9zu o rozdiele<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. PARAMETRICK\u00c9 TESTOVANIE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00f16a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f00f16a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edklad 2:<\/strong><br \/>H3: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuje rozdiel v Neurotizme medzi \u017eenami a mu\u017emi.<br \/><strong>Ekvivalenty:<\/strong><br \/>H3a (dvojsmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee v \u0161k\u00e1le Neurotizmus meranej BFI -44 bude rozdiel vzh\u013eadom na pohlavie .<br \/>H3b (jednosmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee diev\u010dat\u00e1 bud\u00fa dosahova\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty v \u0161k\u00e1le Neurotizmus (BFI -44) ne\u017e chlapci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b080f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b080f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V pr\u00edpade hypot\u00e9z H3a a H3b sme na z\u00e1klade splnenia krit\u00e9ria normality premennej Neurotizmus v oboch skupin\u00e1ch zvolili parametrick\u00fd test: Studentov t-test pre 2 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 v\u00fdbery.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V SPSS je pr\u00edkaz nasledovn\u00fd:<\/p><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ COMPARE MEANS\/ INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T-TEST, po otvoren\u00ed okna je potrebn\u00e9 do \u010dasti <strong>TEST VARIABLE(S<\/strong>) presun\u00fa\u0165 porovn\u00e1van\u00fa premenn\u00fa<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"M\u00f4\u017eeme si v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee tu vieme zada\u0165 aj viac premenn\u00fdch naraz a nemus\u00edme realizova\u0165 pr\u00edkaz pre ka\u017ed\u00e9 porovnanie samostatne v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee m\u00e1me nieko\u013eko paraleln\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00fdch testovania porovn\u00e1vame v\u017edy in\u00fa premenn\u00fa medzi t\u00fdmi ist\u00fdmi skupinam i.\">16<\/span> a do <strong>GROUPING VARIABLE<\/strong> prenies\u0165 t\u00fa kategorick\u00fa premenn\u00fa, ktor\u00e1 s\u00fabor rozde\u013euje na skupiny. Po vlo\u017een\u00ed premennej rozklikneme \/DEFINE GROUPS, kde je potrebn\u00e9 e\u0161te uvies\u0165 hodnoty (k\u00f3dy <span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"K\u00f3dy s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 vo \u201eVALUES\u201c st\u013apci v h\u00e1rku VARIABLE VIEW v SPSS datab\u00e1ze.\">17<\/span>) pre <strong>Group 1<\/strong> a<strong> Group 2<\/strong>. V tomto pr\u00edpade 1 (\u017eeny) a 2 (mu\u017ei)<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Logicky teda, je tu mo\u017en\u00e9 vlo\u017ei\u0165 i in\u00e9 hodnoty, napr\u00edklad, ak m\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 Typ \u0161koly 7 kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed a my chceme porovna\u0165 len 2 typy \u0161k\u00f4l, tu definujeme pomocou k\u00f3du, napr\u00edklad, 1 \u2013 Gymn\u00e1zium, 3 \u2013 Stredn\u00e1 odborn\u00e1 \u0161kola, a teda vykon\u00e1me porovnanie takto vybran\u00fdch skup\u00edn.\">18<\/span>.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdstup z programu obsahuje tabu\u013eku s deskripciou a druh\u00fa tabu\u013eku, kde n\u00e1jdeme v \u013eavej \u010dasti v\u00fdsledok <u>Levenovho testu rovnosti rozptylov<\/u> a v pravej \u010dasti v\u00fdsledok samotn\u00e9ho <u>Studentovho t-testu <\/u>. Tabu\u013eka je trochu komplikovanej\u0161ia.<\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>Levenov test testuje, \u010di s\u00fa rozptyly (Variances) v oboch skupin\u00e1ch homog\u00e9nne \u010do je podmienka pre realiz\u00e1ciu Studentovho t-testu. Pri Levenovom teste n\u00e1s zauj\u00edma pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 Sig., ktor\u00e1, ak je Sig. &gt; 0,05, skupiny s\u00fa homog\u00e9nne.<\/li><li>Toto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre \u010fal\u0161\u00ed postup:<ul><li>ak je homogenita dodr\u017ean\u00e1 (Equal variances assumed), interpretujeme \u010falej v\u00fdsledok prv\u00e9ho riadku samotn\u00e9ho t-testu.<\/li><li>ak dodr\u017ean\u00e1 nie je (Equal variances not assumed), relevantn\u00fd je pre n\u00e1s druh\u00fd riadok v\u00fdsledkov t-testu, ktor\u00fd je pri nehomogenite vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, ne\u017e klasick\u00fd t-test, preto sa v\u00fdsledky v dvoch riadkoch m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tabu\u013eky odpor\u00fa\u010dame integrova\u0165 do jednej a zachova\u0165 v nej \u00fadaje potrebn\u00e9 pre interpret\u00e1ciu v\u00fdsledkov pre nami stanoven\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu (Tabu\u013eka 10).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledku testovania<\/strong>:<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Predpoklad bol overovan\u00fd Studentov\u00fdm t- testom. Levenov test potvrdil homogenitu rozptylov (Sig. &gt; 0,05), preto \u010falej interpretujeme prv\u00fd riadok v\u00fdsledkov t- testu (t = -4,076; Sig. &lt; 0,001). Rozdiel v priemeroch (-2,3) medzi skupinami interpretujeme ako \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Medzi mu\u017emi a \u017eenami existuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel v sk\u00f3re Neurotizmu. Hypot\u00e9zu H3 (rovnako H3a) prij\u00edmame.<\/em> (T\u00e1to interpret\u00e1cia posta\u010duje,ak je hypot\u00e9za dvojsmern\u00e1.)<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak je <u>jednosmern\u00e1, po zisten\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho rozdielu<\/u> (ak by bola Sig. &gt; 0,05, hypot\u00e9zu priamo zamietneme) sledujeme \u010falej aj hodnoty priemerov a ur\u010dujeme, v ktorej skupine (v ktorom riadku) s\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161ie \u010di ni\u017e\u0161ie:<br \/><em>Na z\u00e1klade priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed evidujeme vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty Neurotizmu u \u017eien (AM = 27,3) ne\u017e u mu\u017eov (AM = 25,0). Hypot\u00e9zu H3b prij\u00edmame.<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zobrazenie rozdielov je vhodn\u00fd <u>error bar<\/u> (Graf 9), v ktorom je zobrazen\u00fd 95% interval spo\u013eahlivosti v\u00fdskytu hodn\u00f4t (\u00fase\u010dne) a aritmetick\u00fd priemer ako kr\u00fa\u017eok uprostred.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7a6954 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7a6954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 10 V\u00fdsledky testovania H3: Studentov t-test<\/em><\/p><div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\"><table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"32%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><strong>Pohlavie<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><em>N<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><em>Prieme<\/em>r<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><em>\u0160td.odch\u00fdlk<\/em>a<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" rowspan=\"2&quot;\"><strong>Neurotizmus <\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none;\"><strong>Mu\u017ei<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">256<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">25,0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">6,12<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><strong>\u017deny<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" width=\"17%\">245<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" width=\"17%\">27,3<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" width=\"17%\">6,63<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Levenov test rovnosti rozptylov<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>t-test rovnosti priemerov<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"22%\">Homogenita rozptylov<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">F<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">Sig.<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">t<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">df<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">Sig.<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">Priemern\u00fd rozdiel<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"22%\">Predpokladan\u00e1<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">2,198<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #d8d8df; border-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">,139<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">-4,076t<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">499<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">,000<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">-2,3<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"22%\">Nepredpokladan\u00e1<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"13%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\" width=\"13%\">-4,069<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\" width=\"13%\">491,4<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\" width=\"13%\">,000<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\">-2,3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c47f821 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c47f821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11603 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-prakticky-09-01.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-prakticky-09-01.png 694w, https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-prakticky-09-01-300x216.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Graf 9 Error bar pre zobrazenie rozdielu v premennej Neurotizmus medzi skupinami mu\u017eov a \u017eien<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f254528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f254528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. NEPARAMETRICK\u00c9 TESTOVANIE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Neparametrick\u00e9 testovanie pou\u017eijeme, ak porovn\u00e1vame dve skupiny respondentov (rozdelen\u00e9 pod\u013ea nejakej kategorickej premennej) v kvantitat\u00edvnej ordin\u00e1lnej premennej alebo kardin\u00e1lnej premennej, ktor\u00e1 nesp\u013a\u0148a krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pre pou\u017eitie parametrick\u00e9ho testu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Test pracuje na princ\u00edpe porovn\u00e1vania porad\u00ed, do ktor\u00fdch usporiada respondentov jednej a druhej skupiny pod\u013ea ich dosiahnut\u00fdch re\u00e1lnych hodn\u00f4t premennej. Rozdiel je potom po\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd medzi v\u00fdsledn\u00fdmi priemern\u00fdmi poradiami (MEAN RANKs, s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 v prvej tabu\u013eke v output okne SPSS), z \u010doho s\u00fa generovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky Mann-Whitneyho U testu: U, Z a pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 \u0161tatistick\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnos\u0165 (Assymp.Sig)\n(druh\u00e1 tabu\u013eka v\u00fdsledkov v SPSS)<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Tabu\u013eka z SPSS obsahuje aj Wilcoxonovo W \u2013 toto nie je relevantn\u00e9 pre interpret\u00e1ciu.\">19<\/span> V prezent\u00e1cii v\u00fdsledkov odpor\u00fa\u010dame tabu\u013eky zl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 do jednej, s uveden\u00edm len relevantn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t, ako je to je zobrazen\u00e9 v tabu\u013eke (Tabu\u013eka 11)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889d119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"889d119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edklad 4:<\/strong><br>\nH4: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee adolescenti, ktor\u00ed experimentovali s marihuanou a t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed e\u0161te nesk\u00fa\u0161ali marihuanu sa l\u00ed\u0161ia v hodnoten\u00ed pocitu bezpe\u010dia doma (dvojsmern\u00e1).<br>\n<strong>Ekvivalenty:<\/strong><br>\nH4a (dvojsmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuje rozdiel v pocite bezpe\u010dia doma vzh\u013eadom na experimentovanie s marihuanou .<br>\nH4b (jednosmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee adolescenti, ktor\u00ed experimentovali s marihuanou uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161ie hodnoty pocitu bezpe\u010dia doma ako adolescenti, ktor\u00ed s marihuanou doteraz neexperimentovali.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Premenn\u00e1 \u201ePocit bezpe\u010dia doma\u201c je ordin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1, dosahuje 4 hodnoty, pri\u010dom 1 = V\u00f4bec nie je pravda, &#8230;, 4 = \u00dapln\u00e1 pravda.<\/li>\n<li>Premenn\u00e1 \u201eExperimentovanie s marihuanou\u201c je bin\u00e1rna, dosahuje hodnoty 0 = NIE a 1 = \u00c1NO<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba32573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba32573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V SPSS vol\u00edme test nasledovne:<\/p><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ NONPARAMETRIC TESTS\/ LEGACY DIALOGS\/ 2 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES. V otvorenom dial\u00f3govom okne presunieme do hornej \u010dasti <strong>TEST VARIABLE LIST<\/strong> premenn\u00fa (alebo viacer\u00e9 naraz), ktor\u00e9 chceme porovna\u0165, pri\u010dom mus\u00ed to by\u0165 ordin\u00e1lna alebo kardin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1 (tu \u201ePocit bezpe\u010dia doma\u201c), do doln\u00e9ho okna vlo\u017e\u00edme premenn\u00fa, ktor\u00e1 n\u00e1m rozde\u013euje s\u00fabor do porovn\u00e1van\u00fdch skup\u00edn (<strong>GROUPING VARIABLE<\/strong>, v tomto pr\u00edpade \u201eExperimentovanie s marihuanou\u201c) \u2013 mus\u00edme rozklikn\u00fa\u0165 \/DEFINE GROUPS, kde zad\u00e1me hodnoty (ozna\u010denia), ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa zak\u00f3dovan\u00e9 skupiny v datab\u00e1ze (v tomto pr\u00edpade 1 a 0<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Premenn\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 rozde\u013euje \u2013 definuje dve porovn\u00e1van\u00e9 skupiny, nemus\u00ed by\u0165 dichotomick\u00e1 nomin\u00e1lna, m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 aj viac \u00farovn\u00ed (napr. typ \u0161koly) a m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj ordin\u00e1lna a my si tu ur\u010dujeme presne, ktor\u00e9 z viacer\u00fdch napr. typov \u0161k\u00f4l alebo z troch \u00farovn\u00ed Podpory od u\u010dite\u013ea (mod) budeme porovn\u00e1va\u0165 (napr. 1 \u2013 gymn\u00e1zi\u00e1 a 3 \u2013 SOU; 1 \u2013 respondenti s podpriem. podporou a 3 \u2013 respondenti s nadpriem. podporou od u\u010dite\u013ea).\">20<\/span>).<p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledku testovania<\/strong>:<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Predpoklad bol overovan\u00fd Mann-Whitneyho U testom s v\u00fdsledkom U = 514867,0; Z = -6,792; Sig. &lt; 0,001. Rozdiel v priemern\u00fdch poradiach medzi skupinami interpretujeme ako \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Medzi adolescentmi vzh\u013eadom na experimentovanie s marihuanou existuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel v hodnot\u00e1ch premennej<br \/>Pocit bezpe\u010dia doma. Hypot\u00e9zu H4 (rovnako H4a) prij\u00edmame.<\/em> (T\u00e1to interpret\u00e1cia posta\u010duje,ak je hypot\u00e9za dvojsmern\u00e1.)<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak je <u>jednosmern\u00e1, po zisten\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho rozdielu<\/u> (ak by bola Sig. &gt; 0,05, hypot\u00e9zu priamo zamietneme) sledujeme \u010falej aj hodnoty priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed a ur\u010dujeme, v ktorej skupine (v ktorom riadku) s\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161ie \u010di ni\u017e\u0161ie:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Na z\u00e1klade priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed evidujeme vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty Pocitu bezpe\u010dia doma u adolescentov, ktor\u00ed neexperimentovali s marihuanou (MR = 1277,7) ne\u017e u adolescentov, ktor\u00ed u\u017e s marihuanou experimentovali (MR = 1114,8). Hypot\u00e9zu H4b prij\u00edmame.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4fccdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4fccdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 11 V\u00fdsledky testovania H4: Mann-Whitneyho U test<\/em><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\">\n<table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"16%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\" width=\"17%\"><strong>Experim.\ns marihuanou<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><em>N<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"17%\"><em>Priemern\u00e9 poradie<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"17%\"><strong>Mann-Whitneyho test<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; text-align: left;\" rowspan=\"3\"><strong>Pocit bezpe\u010dia\ndoma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none;\"><strong>\u00c1NO<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">1814<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">1277,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">U<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">514867,0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\"><strong>NIE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">654<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">1114,8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">Z<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">-6,792<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><strong>Spolu<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">2468<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">Sig.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #d8d8d8; ; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" width=\"17%\">,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aebe71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4aebe71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zobrazenie rozdielov je vhodn\u00fd <u>boxplot<\/u>, v ktorom je zobrazen\u00fd rozsah hodn\u00f4t, 1. a 3. kvartil, medi\u00e1n (v strede boxu), hrani\u010dn\u00e9 a extr\u00e9mne hodnoty (kr\u00fa\u017eky, hviezdi\u010dky), ktor\u00e9 sa vymykaj\u00fa 95% intervalu spo\u013eahlivosti. Pri ordin\u00e1lnych premenn\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vygenerovan\u00fd aj tak\u00fdto zvl\u00e1\u0161tny typ boxplotu ( Graf 10).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia grafu:<\/strong><br \/>V uvedenom grafe pre skupinu, ktor\u00e1 neexperimentovala s marihuanou (NIE) je cel\u00fd box \u201eskryt\u00fd\u201c v jednej \u00fase\u010dke, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee medi\u00e1n, 1. i 3. kvartil s\u00fa na jednej hodnote 4. Prakticky to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee minim\u00e1lne 75% respondentov z tejto skupiny odpovedalo najvy\u0161\u0161ou hodnotou, ostatn\u00e9 hodnoty s\u00fa vyzna\u010den\u00e9 ako hviezdi\u010dky, program ich vyhodnotil ako extr\u00e9mne. V druhej skupine m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, \u017ee taktie\u017e medi\u00e1n, ale i tret\u00ed kvartil s\u00fa na hodnote 4 (minim\u00e1lne 50% respondentov ozna\u010dilo t\u00fato hodnotu), 1.kvartil na hodnote 3 a ohrani\u010denie 95 intervalu spo\u013eahlivosti na hodnote 2.Taktie\u017e vid\u00edme nieko\u013eko hrani\u010dn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t ozna\u010den\u00fdch kr\u00fa\u017ekami, tieto s\u00fa menej vzdialen\u00e9 \u201eboxu\u201c ne\u017e extr\u00e9my (hviezdi\u010dky).<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>D\u00d4LE\u017dIT\u00c9:<\/strong> V grafe m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 pri hviezdi\u010dk\u00e1ch a kr\u00fa\u017ekoch aj \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 hodnoty. Je potrebn\u00e9 si uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee tieto hodnoty znamenaj\u00fa <u>poradov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo pr\u00edpadu<\/u> (ktor\u00fd vykazuje t\u00fato hodnotu) v datab\u00e1ze (DATA VIEW) a nie samotn\u00fa extr\u00e9mnu \u010di hrani\u010dn\u00fa hodnotu!!! Hodnoty m\u00e1me na osi Y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3823406 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3823406\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11647 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-prakticky-09-02.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"724\" height=\"542\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-prakticky-09-02.png 724w, https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-prakticky-09-02-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Graf 10 Boxploty zobrazuj\u00face deskript\u00edvne parametre premennej Depres\u00edvne sympt\u00f3my v skupin\u00e1ch mu\u017eov a \u017eien<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-50d710f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"50d710f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-776f73c\" data-id=\"776f73c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d654d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d654d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">9.2 Kompar\u00e1cia kvantitat\u00edvnej premennej medzi 3 alebo viac skupinami<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4111f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4111f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kompara\u010dn\u00e9 testy pre porovnanie kvantitat\u00edvnej premennej medzi 3 a viac v\u00fdbermi uplat\u0148ujeme, pokia\u013e niektor\u00e1 zo sk\u00faman\u00fdch premenn\u00fdch je kategorick\u00e1\/kvalitat\u00edvna, m\u00e1 <u>viac ako 2 kateg\u00f3rie<\/u> a sledujeme jej s\u00favislosti s druhou premennou, ktor\u00e1 je kvantitat\u00edvna (ordin\u00e1lna \u010di kardin\u00e1lna). Kategorick\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 rozde\u013euje s\u00fabor na skupiny (3 alebo viac), medzi ktor\u00fdmi sa zis\u0165uje rozdiel v druhej premennej, teda, \u010di je v niektorej skupine vy\u0161\u0161ie, ni\u017e\u0161ie, najni\u017e\u0161ie \u0161tatisticky rozdielne sk\u00f3re, hodnota kvantitat\u00edvnej premennej. Na z\u00e1klade \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rozdielov v kvantitat\u00edvnej premennej medzi skupinami vecne interpretujeme s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi premenn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd06b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd06b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Napr\u00edklad, s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi \u0161tudijn\u00fdm odborom na vysokej \u0161kole a mierou empatie. Budeme predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee empatia bude v\u00fdznamne vy\u0161\u0161ia u \u0161tudentov psychol\u00f3gie (1. skupina) v porovnan\u00ed so \u0161tudentmi matematiky (2. skupina) a masmedi\u00e1lnej komunik\u00e1cie (3. skupina).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9a529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe9a529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rovnako, ako pri porovnan\u00ed 2 skup\u00edn, pre parametrick\u00e9 a neparametrick\u00e9 testovanie existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne \u0161tatistick\u00e9 testy. Parametrick\u00e9 porovnanie 3 a viac v\u00fdberov: ONE-WAY ANOVA; neparametrick\u00e9 porovnanie 3 a viac v\u00fdberov: KRUSKAL WALLISOV TEST. Interpret\u00e1cia oboch, podobne ako pri porovnan\u00ed 2 skup\u00edn, sa\nopiera o:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li>zhodnotenie <strong>\u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti Sig. <\/strong>:\n<ul>\n \t<li>pokia\u013e t\u00e1to je men\u0161ia ako stanoven\u00e1 hladina \u03b1 (\u0161tandardne 0,05), rozdiel je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (Sig. &lt; 0,05), \n<ul>\n<li> interpretuje sa \u010falej <strong>smerovanie rozdielu<\/strong>, teda v ktorej skupine je vy\u0161\u0161ie\/ni\u017e\u0161ie sk\u00f3re (v parametrickom pod\u013ea priemerov alebo pod\u013ea v\u00fdsledku POST HOC testu, v neparametrickom pod\u013ea priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed).<\/li> \n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>pokia\u013e je Sig. &gt; 0,05, rozdiel nie je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, na v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku\n(Existuje rozdiel v&#8230;. medzi&#8230;?) odpoved\u00e1me z\u00e1porne, alebo zamietame hypot\u00e9zu o rozdiele.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<br>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. PARAMETRICK\u00c9 TESTOVANIE <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac3d251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac3d251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edklad 5:<\/strong><br>\nH5 (v\u00fdskumn\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za) : Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuje s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi \u017eivotnou spokojnos\u0165ou a stup\u0148om ukon\u010den\u00e9ho vzdelania .<br>\n<strong>Ekvivalenty:<\/strong><br>\nH5a (obojsmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuj\u00fa rozdiely v \u017eivotnej spokojnosti vz h\u013eadom na dosiahnut\u00e9 vzdelanie.<br>\nH5b (jednosmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee vysoko\u0161kolsky vzdelan\u00ed respondenti bud\u00fa ma\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161iu \u017eivotn\u00fa spokojnos\u0165 ne\u017e respondenti so stredo\u0161kolsk\u00fdm (a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odborn\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm) alebo zo z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm.\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50719ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50719ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V pr\u00edpade hypot\u00e9z H5a a H5b sme, na z\u00e1klade splnenia krit\u00e9ria normality premennej \u017divotn\u00e1 spokojnos\u0165 vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch troch skupin\u00e1ch, zvolili parametrick\u00fd test: Jednosmern\u00fa anal\u00fdzu rozptylu (ONE-WAY ANOVA).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V SPSS je pr\u00edkaz nasledovn\u00fd:<\/p><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ COMPARE MEANS\/ ONE-WAY ANOVA, po otvoren\u00ed pr\u00edkazov\u00e9ho okna je potrebn\u00e9 do \u010dasti <strong>DEPENDENT LIST<\/strong> presun\u00fa\u0165 porovn\u00e1van\u00fa premenn\u00fa<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Tak, ako v in\u00fdch testoch, aj tu vieme zada\u0165 aj viac premenn\u00fdch naraz a nemus\u00edme realizova\u0165 pr\u00edkaz pre ka\u017ed\u00e9 porovnanie samostatne v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee m\u00e1me nieko\u013eko paraleln\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00fdch testovania porovn\u00e1vame v\u017edy in\u00fa premenn\u00fa medzi t\u00fdmi ist\u00fdmi skupinami.\">21<\/span> a do <strong>FACTOR<\/strong><span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"M\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, \u017ee v ANOVA-e sa premenn\u00e9 zad\u00e1vaj\u00fa ako \u201edependent\u201c (z\u00e1visl\u00e1) a \u201efactor\u201c nez\u00e1visl\u00e1, i ke\u010f pri bivaria\u010dn\u00fdch anal\u00fdzach len zriedka mo\u017eno hovori\u0165 o pr\u00ed\u010dine (faktore) a n\u00e1sledku (z\u00e1vislej premennej). ANOVA je ale z\u00e1kladnou met\u00f3dou pre testovanie kauzality v experimentoch a pre multivaria\u010dn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy efektov spolup\u00f4sobenia viacer\u00fdch faktorov na n\u00e1sledok, preto sa uveden\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v SPSS u\u017e pri jednoduchej ANOVE.\">22<\/span> prenies\u0165 t\u00fa kategorick\u00fa premenn\u00fa, ktor\u00e1 s\u00fabor rozde\u013euje na skupiny (v tomto pr\u00edpade \u201eStupe\u0148 vzdelania\u201c). ANOVA sama negeneruje deskript\u00edvnu tabu\u013eku, preto ak ju chceme, mus\u00edme rozklikn\u00fa\u0165 \/OPTIONS a za\u0161krtn\u00fa\u0165 <strong>DESCRIPTIVE<\/strong>, tie\u017e tu m\u00f4\u017eeme zada\u0165 aj <u>MEAN PLOT<\/u>, \u010do je \u010diarov\u00fd graf zobrazuj\u00faci priemern\u00e9 hodnoty v skupin\u00e1ch.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po uvedenom zadan\u00ed SPSS vygeneruje dve tabu\u013eky. V prvej s\u00fa deskript\u00edvne ukazovatele (N, priemer, \u0160O, interval spo\u013eahlivosti, Min, Max). V druhej tabu\u013eke, ktor\u00fa, u\u017e upraven\u00fa, prezentujeme ni\u017e\u0161ie (Tabu\u013eka 12), je v\u00fdsledok ANOVA testu s hodnotami F a Sig. d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi pre interpret\u00e1ciu.<br \/><br \/>V pr\u00edpade jednosmernej hypot\u00e9zy (H5b) je pre interpret\u00e1ciu potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 presn\u00e9 \u0161tatistick\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnosti <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">rozdielov medzi dvojicami skup\u00edn<\/span> a nielen v\u00fdznamnos\u0165 celkov\u00e9ho porovnania (ktor\u00e9 generuje vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fd postup), preto\u017ee by sme nedok\u00e1zali ur\u010di\u0165, \u010di medzi jednou a ostatn\u00fdmi dvoma skupinami je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel (ako m\u00e1me ur\u010den\u00e9 v hypot\u00e9ze). V takom pr\u00edpade po otvoren\u00ed dial\u00f3gov\u00e9ho okna One-Way ANOVA a presunut\u00ed dependent a factor premenn\u00fdch, je potrebn\u00e9 rozklikn\u00fa\u0165 \/POST HOC a zvoli\u0165 typ tzv. \u201emultiple comparison\u201c \u2013 testu mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00e9ho porovnania. V literat\u00fare n\u00e1jdeme odpor\u00fa\u010dania zvoli\u0165 (za\u0161krtn\u00fa\u0165) LSD alebo TUKEY-ho test (Soll\u00e1r, Ritomsk\u00fd, 2002; Coolican, 2014). Vo v\u00fdstupe potom n\u00e1jdeme samostatn\u00fa tabu\u013eku s v\u00fdsledkom \u201emultiple comparison\u201c testu, ktor\u00fa v pr\u00e1cach m\u00f4\u017eeme upravi\u0165 a prezentova\u0165 sp\u00f4sobom, ako je to zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 v tabu\u013eke (Tabu\u013eka 13).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledku testovania:<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><br \/>V\u00fdsledky testovania hypot\u00e9zy H5a\/H5b uv\u00e1dzame v tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch (Tabu\u013eka 12, Tabu\u013eka 13). Na overenie bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 jednosmern\u00e1 anal\u00fdza rozptylu (ANOVA) s v\u00fdsledkom: F = 2,635; Sig. &gt; 0,05. Vzh\u013eadom na hodnotu \u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti, ktor\u00e1 je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ako stanoven\u00e9 krit\u00e9rium, hypot\u00e9zu H5a\/H5b o rozdiele medzi skupinami zamietame. Medzi skupinami pod\u013ea dosiahnut\u00e9ho stup\u0148a vzdelania neexistuje \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel v \u017eivotnej spokojnosti.\u00a0<\/em>Pokia\u013e rozdiel celkovo medziskupinovo (pod\u013ea ANOVY) nie je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, plat\u00ed to pre jednosmern\u00fa i dvojsmern\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu. Ak by bola Sig. &lt; 0,05, interpretujeme aj v\u00fdsledky POST HOC testu<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"V literat\u00fare a na predn\u00e1\u0161kach sa stretnete s t\u00fdm, \u017ee jednosmern\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy vymedzuj\u00facu jednu skupinu vo\u010di ostatn\u00fdm sa m\u00f4\u017eu testova\u0165 ANOVA -ou s pl\u00e1novan\u00fdm porovn\u00e1van\u00edm. V tom pr\u00edpade je v\u00fdsledok tzv. Contrast testu nadraden\u00fd nad v\u00fdsledok ANOVA-y, i ke\u010f by vy\u0161la nev\u00fdznamn\u00e1 (ako v tomto pr\u00edpade).\">23<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a5bc4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a5bc4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 12 V\u00fdsledky testovania H5a a H5b: One-Way ANOVA<\/em><\/p><div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\"><table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>S\u00fa\u010det \u0161tvorcov<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>df<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>Priemern\u00fd \u0161tvorec<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>F<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>Sig.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; text-align: left;\" rowspan=\"3\"><strong>\u017divotn\u00e1 spokojnos\u0165<br \/>* Stupe\u0148 dosiahnut\u00e9ho vzdelania<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">Medziskupinovo<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">239,7<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">2<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">119,8<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">2,635<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">0,73<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"20%\">Vn\u00fatroskupinovo<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">19694,9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">433<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">45,5<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">Spolu<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">19934,6<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">435<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61ae0c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61ae0c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>Pr\u00edklad interpret\u00e1cie POST HOC testu,<\/strong> pokia\u013e by to bolo relevantn\u00e9 (v\u00fdsledok ANOVY by hovoril o v\u00fdznamnom rozdiele, Sig. &lt; 0,05):<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V tabu\u013eke (Tabu\u013eka 13) uv\u00e1dzame v\u00fdsledky Post Hoc LSD testu, kde v poslednom st\u013apci s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 \u0161tatistick\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnosti Sig. pre parci\u00e1lne porovnania dvoj\u00edc skup\u00edn. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel interpretujeme, pokia\u013e Sig. &lt; 0,05, \u010do evidujeme v tomto pr\u00edpade pri porovnan\u00ed skupiny so stredo\u0161 kolsk\u00fdm a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odborn\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm so skupinou s vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm. Rozdiel v tomto porad\u00ed porovnania \u201eSkupina v st\u013apci A \u2013 Skupina v st\u013apci B\u201c = \u2013 1,560, ide o z\u00e1porn\u00fa hodnotu, \u010do zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee \u017eivotn\u00e1 spokojnos\u0165 v skupine s vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm dosahuje vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty ne\u017e v skupine so stredo\u0161kolsk\u00fdm a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odborn\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm, tento rozdiel je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (Sig. &lt; 0,05). V ostatn\u00fdch parci\u00e1lnych porovnaniach dvoj\u00edc skup\u00edn neevidujeme v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozdiely. Hypot\u00e9zu H5b by sme tak \u010di tak zamietli, preto\u017ee predpokladala najvy\u0161\u0161iu \u017eivotn\u00fa spokojnos\u0165 u vysoko\u0161kolsky vzdelan\u00fdch respondentov v porovnan\u00ed s oboma skupinami, av\u0161ak rozdiel medzi skupinou s vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdm a skupinou so z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm nie je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd7a92f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd7a92f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 13 Viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 porovnanie v r\u00e1mci testovania H5b: LSD test<\/em><span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Ako si m\u00f4\u017eeme v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, POST HOC v\u00fdsledkov\u00e1 tabu\u013eka obsahuje zdvojen\u00e9 hodnoty, preto\u017ee dvojice skup\u00edn v\u017edy porovn\u00e1va aj v opa\u010dnom porad\u00ed (v\u0161etky kombin\u00e1cie v r\u00e1mci troch \u010di viac skup\u00edn). Je v poriadku, ak tieto zdvojen\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky z tabu\u013eky odstr\u00e1nime (v Tabu\u013eke 13 s\u00fa siv\u00fdm p\u00edsmom).\">24<\/span><\/p><div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\"><table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"10%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"27%\"><strong>Kateg\u00f3rie vzdelania<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"27%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"12%\"><em>Priemern\u00fd rozdiel<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"12%\"><em>\u0160td.chyba<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"12%\"><em>Sig.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"10%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"27%\">A<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"27%\">B<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">A-B<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\" rowspan=\"6\"><strong><span style=\"writing-mode: vertical-lr;\">\u017divotn\u00e1 spokojnos\u0165<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" rowspan=\"2\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">Stredo\u0161k., vy\u0161\u0161ie odb.<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">1,2<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">1,0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">,268<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">Vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">-0,4<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">1,1<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">,692<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" rowspan=\"2\">Stredo\u0161k., vy\u0161\u0161ie odb.<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\">-1,2<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\">1,0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\">,268<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">Vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">-1,6<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">0,7<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\">,025<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white; color: #bcbcbc;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" rowspan=\"2\">Vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none; color: #bcbcbc;\">0,4<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">1,1<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">,692<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white; color: #bcbcbc;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">Stredo\u0161k., vy\u0161\u0161ie odb.<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">1,6<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">0,7<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">,025<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdsledky ANOVA testu je vhodn\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorni\u0165 bu\u010f <u>mean plot<\/u>-om (Graf 11, zad\u00e1va sa v ANOVA pod \/OPTIONS), <u>error bar<\/u>-om (ako pri t-teste, pozri vy\u0161\u0161ie) alebo v Exceli <u>\u010diarov\u00fdm grafom<\/u>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e9b011 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e9b011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11721 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-09-03.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"677\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-09-03.png 677w, https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-09-03-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Graf 11 Mean plot pre zobrazenie \u017divotnej spokojnosti v troch skupin\u00e1ch vzh\u013eadom na dosiahnut\u00fd stupe\u0148 vzdelania<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a9f4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29a9f4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. NEPARAMETRICK\u00c9 TESTOVANIE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">KRUSKAL WALLISOV TEST je neparametrick\u00fd porovn\u00e1vac\u00ed test pre 3 a viac v\u00fdberov. Pou\u017eijeme ho, pokia\u013e porovn\u00e1vame kvantitat\u00edvnu premenn\u00fa (ordin\u00e1lnu, alebo kardin\u00e1lnu, ktor\u00e1 nesp\u013a\u0148a krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pre parametrick\u00e9 testovanie) medzi 3 \u010di viac skupinami.<br>\nTest pracuje na princ\u00edpe porovn\u00e1vania porad\u00ed (rovnako ako Mann-Whitneyho U test), do ktor\u00fdch usporiada respondentov ka\u017edej skupiny pod\u013ea ich dosiahnut\u00fdch re\u00e1lnych hodn\u00f4t premennej. Rozdiel je potom po\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd medzi v\u00fdsledn\u00fdmi priemern\u00fdmi poradiami (Mean Ranks, prv\u00e1 tabu\u013eka z SPSS), z \u010doho s\u00fa generovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky Kruskal Wallisovho testu: \u03c72 , stupne vo\u013enosti (df) a pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 \u0161tatistick\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnos\u0165 (Assymp.Sig) (druh\u00e1 tabu\u013eka z SPSS). Relevantn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky z v\u00fdstupov zo \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testovania je mo\u017en\u00e9 v pr\u00e1cach prezentova\u0165 v jednej tabu\u013eke, ako je to zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 v tabu\u013eke (Tabu\u013eka 14).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d33e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d33e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edklad 6:<\/strong><br>\nH6: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee \u017eiaci r\u00f4znych typov \u0161k\u00f4l sa v\u00fdznamne l\u00ed\u0161ia v Pozit\u00edvnom vz\u0165ahu ku \u0161kole (dvojsmern\u00e1).<br>\n<strong>Ekvivalenty:<\/strong><br>\nH6a (dvojsmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuje rozdiel v Pozit\u00edvnom vz\u0165ahu ku \u0161kole vzh\u013eadom na typ strednej \u0161koly .<br>\nH6b (jednosmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee gymnazisti bud\u00fa ma\u0165 pozit\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole ne\u017e \u017eiaci in\u00fdch typov stredn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l .<br>\nH6c (jednosmern\u00e1): Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee \u017eiaci zo SOU bud\u00fa vykazova\u0165 najni\u017e\u0161ie sk\u00f3re Pozit\u00edvneho vz\u0165ahu ku \u0161kole v porovnan\u00ed so \u017eiakmi z gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed a zo SO\u0160.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a828550 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a828550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V SPSS vol\u00edme test nasledovne:<\/p><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ NONPARAMETRIC TESTS\/ LEGACY DIALOGS\/ K INDEPENDENT SAMPLES. V otvorenom dial\u00f3govom okne presunieme do \u010dasti <strong>TEST VARIABLE LIST<\/strong> premenn\u00fa (alebo viacer\u00e9 naraz), ktor\u00fa chceme porovna\u0165, pri\u010dom mus\u00ed to by\u0165 ordin\u00e1lna alebo kardin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1 (tu \u201ePozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole\u201c je kardin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1 bez norm\u00e1lneho rozdelenia), do spodnej \u010dasti <strong>GROUPING VARIABLE<\/strong> vlo\u017e\u00edme premenn\u00fa, ktor\u00e1 rozde\u013euje s\u00fabor do porovn\u00e1van\u00fdch skup\u00edn (v tomto pr\u00edpade \u201eTyp \u0161koly\u201c), \u010falej mus\u00edme rozklikn\u00fa\u0165 \/DEFINE GROUPS, kde zad\u00e1me k\u00f3dy (ozna\u010denia), ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa ozna\u010den\u00e9 skupiny kategorickej rozde\u013euj\u00facej premennej, na rozdiel od pr\u00edkazu v Mann-Whitneyho teste tu ale vol\u00edme interval hodn\u00f4t, napr. skupiny 1-3, 1-4, 2-5 a podobne<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Nie je teda mo\u017en\u00e9 navoli\u0165 skupiny 1,3 a 5; to by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 v SPSS len s pou\u017eit\u00edm pr\u00edkazu Select cases, kde by sme do spracovania odfiltrovali len tie skupiny, ktor\u00e9 chceme porovn\u00e1va\u0165. Druh\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 je rek\u00f3dova\u0165 hodnoty ozna\u010den\u00ed skup\u00edn, aby tie, ktor\u00e9 chceme porovna\u0165, mali za sebou nasleduj\u00face hodnoty (napr. 1, 2, 3).\">25<\/span>.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledku testovania:<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Predpoklad bol overovan\u00fd Kruskal Wallisov\u00fdm testom s v\u00fdsledkom \u03c72 = 17,294 pri df = 2 ; Sig. &lt; 0,001 (Tabu\u013eke 14), na z\u00e1klade ktor\u00e9ho interpretujeme rozdiely v priemern\u00fdch poradiach medzi skupinami ako \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. Medzi \u017eiakmi r\u00f4znych typov stredn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l existuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel v sk\u00f3re premennej Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole. Hypot\u00e9zu H6 o rozdiele (rovnako H6a) prij\u00edmame.<br \/><\/em> (T\u00e1to interpret\u00e1cia posta\u010duje, ak je hypot\u00e9za dvojsmern\u00e1.)<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak je <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">jednosmern\u00e1<\/span>, po zisten\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho rozdielu (tzn. Sig. &lt; 0,05. Ak by bola Sig. &gt; 0,05, hypot\u00e9zu priamo zamietneme) sledujeme \u010falej aj hodnoty priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed a ur\u010dujeme, v ktorej skupine (v ktorom riadku) je najvy\u0161\u0161ie \u010di najni\u017e\u0161ie:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Na z\u00e1klade priemern\u00fdch porad\u00ed evidujeme najvy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty Pozit\u00edvneho vz\u0165ahu ku \u0161kole u \u017eiakov z gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed (MR = 201,7) a najni\u017e\u0161ie u \u017eiakov zo SO\u0160 (MR = 74,2). Hypot\u00e9zu H6b (rovnako H6c) prij\u00edmame, nako\u013eko gymnazisti maj\u00fa v\u00fdznamne pozit\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole ne\u017e \u017eiaci z in\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l. (\u017diaci zo SOU maj\u00fa vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole najmenej pozit\u00edvny v porovnan\u00ed s ostatn\u00fdmi dvoma typmi \u0161k\u00f4l.)<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d206f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d206f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 14 V\u00fdsledky testovania H6: Kruskal Wallisov test<\/em><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\">\n<table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><strong>Typ \u0161koly<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>N<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\"><em>Priemern\u00e9 poradie<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Kruskal Wallisov test<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; text-align: left;\" rowspan=\"4\"><strong>Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah\nku \u0161kole<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">Gymn\u00e1zium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">224<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\"><strong>201,7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\"><em>Chi-kvadr\u00e1t<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\">17,294<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"20%\">SO\u0160<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">140<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">164,3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\"><em>df<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"20%\">SOU<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\"><strong>74,2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\"><em>Sig.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\" width=\"12%\">,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: white;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">Spolu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\">370<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rovnako na zn\u00e1zornenie rozdielov sl\u00fa\u017ei graf boxplot (bude ma\u0165 tri boxy = tri skupiny), av\u0161ak tieto mus\u00edme najsk\u00f4r v tomto konkr\u00e9tnom pr\u00edpade vyselektova\u0165 pr\u00edkazom <strong>SELECT CASES<\/strong> <span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Postup v Pr\u00edlohe A: Pr\u00edklad 6, viac v kapitole 5.3.\">26<\/span> (preto\u017ee premenn\u00e1 Typ \u0161koly m\u00e1 a\u017e 7 kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed a my potrebujeme len tri).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d77a2d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d77a2d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11747 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-09-04.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"701\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-09-04.png 701w, https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-09-04-300x194.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Graf 12 Boxploty zobrazuj\u00face deskript\u00edvne parametre premennej Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole v troch skupin\u00e1ch pod\u013ea typu \u0161koly<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-400c18b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"400c18b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-53bad9a\" data-id=\"53bad9a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b01646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b01646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00daLOHY<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e595e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1e595e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol>\n \t<li>Sformulujte dvojsmern\u00fa a potom i jednosmern\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu na s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi\nadrenal\u00ednov\u00fdm \u0161portovan\u00edm (N) a \u00fazkostlivos\u0165ou (K).\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n<li>Uva\u017eujte, ako by boli premenn\u00e9 operacionalizovan\u00e9 (vymyslite sp\u00f4sob merania,\ndefinovania).<\/li>\n<li>Ak\u00e9 parametre mus\u00edme zoh\u013eadni\u0165 pri vo\u013ebe testu? Medzi ak\u00fdmi testami by ste sa\nrozhodovali?<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>Rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013eajte:\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n<li>ak\u00e9 r\u00f4zne premenn\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu diferencova\u0165 s\u00fabor na 3 a viac porovnate\u013en\u00fdch skup\u00edn.<\/li>\n<li>ak\u00e9 ordin\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9 by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 medziskupinovo porovn\u00e1va\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>Sformulujte jednosmern\u00fa kompara\u010dn\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu o rozdiele v kvantitat\u00edvnej (K, O)\npremennej medzi dvoma \u010di viac skupinami.\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n<li>Zoh\u013eadnite potrebn\u00e9 parametre (normalita, \u0161tandardnos\u0165 testu, ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky)\na zvo\u013ete typ \u0161tatistick\u00e9 testu.<\/li>\n<li>Hypot\u00e9zu otestujte (v SPSS), v\u00fdsledky spracujte do tabu\u013eky a interpretujte.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdsledok zobrazte pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm grafom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0160TATISTIKA PRAKTICKY (NIELEN) V Z\u00c1VERE\u010cN\u00ddCH PR\u00c1CACH 9. KOMPAR\u00c1CIA KVANTITAT\u00cdVNYCH PREMENN\u00ddCH MEDZI NEZ\u00c1VISL\u00ddMI V\u00ddBERMI Vo v\u00fdskumoch sa bez kompar\u00e1cie m\u00e1lokedy zaob\u00eddeme, preto\u017ee ve\u013emi \u010dasto je jednou z premenn\u00fdch, medzi ktor\u00fdmi sledujeme s\u00favislosti, kategorick\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 (pohlavie, vekov\u00e9 skupiny, typ \u0161tudijn\u00e9ho odboru, typ rodiny a pod.) a druhou je kvantitat\u00edvna premenn\u00e1 (meran\u00e9 hodnoty z dotazn\u00edkov, testov, \u010das a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11535","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11535"}],"version-history":[{"count":238,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13608,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11535\/revisions\/13608"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}