{"id":11879,"date":"2025-10-29T08:20:39","date_gmt":"2025-10-29T07:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=11879"},"modified":"2025-11-25T15:09:13","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T14:09:13","slug":"statistika-prakticky-11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/statistika-prakticky-11\/","title":{"rendered":"Statistika-prakticky-11"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11879\" class=\"elementor elementor-11879\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f672ed elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"6f672ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbeb470\" data-id=\"bbeb470\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d82f1ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d82f1ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160TATISTIKA PRAKTICKY (NIELEN) V Z\u00c1VERE\u010cN\u00ddCH PR\u00c1CACH<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">11.KOREL\u00c1CIA MEDZI DVOMA KVANTITAT\u00cdVNYMI PREMENN\u00ddMI<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">S\u00favislosti v zmysle line\u00e1rnych vz\u0165ahov (priama\/nepriama \u00famernos\u0165) medzi dvoma kvantitat\u00edvnymi (kardin\u00e1lnymi \u010di ordin\u00e1lnymi) premenn\u00fdmi m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 testovan\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Diferencujeme medzi parametrickou verziou \u2013 PEARSONOV KOEFICIENT S\u00da\u010cINOVEJ KOREL\u00c1CIE a neparametrickou verziou \u2013 SPEARMANOV KOEFICIENT PORADOVEJ KOREL\u00c1CIE. Pearsonov koeficient po\u010d\u00edta line\u00e1rny vz\u0165ah medzi <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">re\u00e1lnymi hodnotami<\/span> premenn\u00fdch v datab\u00e1ze, pri\u010dom je podmienkou, aby i\u0161lo o kardin\u00e1lne a (obe) norm\u00e1lne rozdelen\u00e9 premenn\u00e9<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"ak s\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 s\u00fabory (500 a viac), alebo ak s\u00fa premenn\u00e9 \u0161tandardizovan\u00e9 (z diagnostick\u00fdch met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa normy) nemus\u00edme testova\u0165 normalitu, rovno pou\u017eijeme parametrick\u00fd test\">31<\/span>. Spearmanov<br \/>koeficient po\u010d\u00edta line\u00e1rny vz\u0165ah medzi poradiami, ktor\u00e9 vznikli na z\u00e1klade usporiadania respondentov pod\u013ea ich re\u00e1lnych hodn\u00f4t, ka\u017ed\u00e9mu respondentovi s\u00fa teda priraden\u00e9 2 poradia, jedno pre prv\u00fa premenn\u00fa, druh\u00e9 pre druh\u00fa premenn\u00fa <span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"\u010c\u00edslo poradia znamen\u00e1, na ko\u013ekom poradovom mieste sa jednotlivec so svojou hodnotou v danej premennej nach\u00e1dza spomedzi v\u0161etk\u00fdch respondentov.\">32<\/span>. Koeficient je po\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd medzi poradiami, teda nie medzi re\u00e1lnymi nameran\u00fdmi hodnotami. Preto je t\u00e1to neparametrick\u00e1 verzia vhodn\u00e1 na testovanie vz\u0165ahov, pokia\u013e s\u00fa premenn\u00e9 ordin\u00e1lne, alebo kardin\u00e1lne nevyhovuj\u00face pre parametrick\u00e9 testovanie (mal\u00e9 s\u00fabory, nie norm\u00e1lne distribuovan\u00e9). V\u00fdsledky \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho testovania obsahuj\u00fa v\u00fdpo\u010det <strong>korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu<\/strong> (r alebo \u03c1<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Gr\u00e9cke p\u00edsmeno rho reprezentuje Spearmanov koeficient; p\u00edsmenom r ozna\u010dujeme Pearsonov koeficient; av\u0161ak niekedy sa pou\u017e\u00edva r v\u0161eobecne pre oba typy korel\u00e1cie, vtedy by malo by\u0165 uveden\u00e9 v legende (\u010di v nadpise) tabu\u013eky, o ak\u00fd koeficient ide.\">33<\/span>) a pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fa \u0161tatistick\u00fa v\u00fdznamnos\u0165 vz\u0165ahu (<strong>Sig.<\/strong>). Interpret\u00e1cia sa opiera o:<\/p><ul class=\"jv-bullets\"><li>zhodnotenie <strong>\u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti Sig.<\/strong>:<ul><li>pokia\u013e t\u00e1to je men\u0161ia ako stanoven\u00e1 hladina \u03b1 (\u0161tandardne 0,05), vz\u0165ah<br \/>(line\u00e1rny) je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (Sig. &lt; 0,05),<ul><li>interpretuje sa \u010falej <u>SMEROVANIE VZ\u0164AHU<\/u>, teda \u010di je hodnota korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu r (\u03c1) kladn\u00e1 alebo z\u00e1porn\u00e1. Kladn\u00e1 sved\u010d\u00ed o priamej \u00famernosti, z\u00e1porn\u00e1 o nepriamej \u00famernosti;<\/li><li>interpretuje sa tie\u017e <u>SILA VZ\u0164AHU<\/u>, pod\u013ea samotnej hodnoty<br \/>korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu r (\u03c1), a to v psychol\u00f3gii \u0161tandardne<br \/>nasledovn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom (Cohen, 1993), plat\u00ed pre kladn\u00e9 i z\u00e1porn\u00e9 hodnoty:<div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white; margin-top: 15px;\"><table style=\"width: 60%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"25%\">0 a\u017e 0,1<\/td><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\" width=\"75%\">&#8211; \u017eiadny, trivi\u00e1lny vz\u0165ah;<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">0,1 a\u017e 0,3<\/td><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">&#8211; slab\u00fd vz\u0165ah;<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">0,3 a\u017e 0,5<\/td><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">&#8211; stredne siln\u00fd vz\u0165ah;<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">0,5 a\u017e 0,7<\/td><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">&#8211; siln\u00fd vz\u0165ah;<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">0,7 a\u017e 0,9<\/td><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">&#8211; ve\u013emi siln\u00fd vz\u0165ah;<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">0,9 a\u017e 1<\/td><td style=\"padding: 2px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\">&#8211; dokonal\u00fd vz\u0165ah, premenn\u00e9 s\u00fa toto\u017en\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>pokia\u013e je Sig. &gt; 0,05, vz\u0165ah nie je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, na v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku (<em>o existencii vz\u0165ahu medzi premenn\u00fdmi<\/em>) odpoved\u00e1me z\u00e1porne, alebo zamietame hypot\u00e9zu o vz\u0165ahu medzi premenn\u00fdmi<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1b12b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1b12b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edklad 8 &#8211; kardin\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9:<\/strong><br>\nH8: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuje (line\u00e1rny) vz\u0165ah medzi Pozit\u00edvnym vz\u0165ahom\nku \u0161kole a Podporou od u\u010dite\u013ea (dvojsmern\u00e1).<br>\n<strong>Ekvivalenty:<\/strong><br>\nH8a: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole line\u00e1rne s\u00favis\u00ed s Podporou od u\u010dite\u013ea (dvojsmern\u00e1).<br>\nH8b: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee medzi Pozit\u00edvnym vz\u0165ahom ku \u0161kole a Podporou od u\u010dite\u013ea existuje kladn\u00fd korela\u010dn\u00fd vz\u0165ah (priamo\u00famern\u00fd) (jednosmern\u00e1).<br>\nH8c: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je podpora od u\u010dite\u013ea u \u017eiaka vy\u0161\u0161ia, t\u00fdm m\u00e1 \u017eiak pozit\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole (jednosmern\u00e1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6885d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6885d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Testovanie v SPSS realizujeme cez zadanie:<\/p><ul><li>ANALYZE\/ CORRELATE\/ BIVARIATE, po ktorom bude otvoren\u00e9 dial\u00f3gov\u00e9<br \/>okno na <u>zadanie premenn\u00fdch<\/u> (<strong>VARIABLES<\/strong>). Tu vlo\u017e\u00edme z \u013eav\u00e9ho panelu pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 premenn\u00e9, medzi ktor\u00fdmi zis\u0165ujeme vz\u0165ah <span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"I tu je mo\u017en\u00e9 vlo\u017ei\u0165 viacer\u00e9 premenn\u00e9, pokia\u013e rob\u00edme paraleln\u00e9 testovania\">34<\/span>, nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na porad\u00ed (v tomto pr\u00edpade Podpora od u\u010dite\u013ea a Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole). \u010ealej je potrebn\u00e9 za\u0161krtn\u00fa\u0165 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS \u2013 pod\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161ie<br \/>uveden\u00e9ho, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie rozhodujeme medzi PEARSONOV\u00ddM a SPEARMANOV\u00ddM.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V tomto pr\u00edpade m\u00f4\u017eeme zvoli\u0165 (aj) parametrick\u00fd koeficient, ke\u010f\u017ee premenn\u00e9 s\u00fa kardin\u00e1lne, vzorka je ve\u013emi ve\u013ek\u00e1, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i ke\u010f by premenn\u00e9 neboli norm\u00e1lne rozlo\u017een\u00e9, v\u00fdsledky skreslen\u00e9 nebud\u00fa (nebude interpreta\u010dn\u00fd rozdiel medzi v\u00fdsledkom neparametrick\u00e9ho a parametrick\u00e9ho testu), \u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 vo<br \/>v\u00fdsledkoch a interpret\u00e1cii. Viac k vo\u013ebe testu n\u00e1jdete v kapitole 7.2. V\u00fdsledky generuj\u00fa jedin\u00fa tabu\u013eku pre ka\u017ed\u00fd typ koeficientu (ak sme zadali oba typy, tak s\u00fa<br \/>tabu\u013eky dve), tento typ tabu\u013eky naz\u00fdvame KORELA\u010cN\u00c1 MATICA.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledku<\/strong>:<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Hypot\u00e9za H8 bola testovan\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdpo\u010dtu Spearmanovho koeficientu poradovej korel\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledok uv\u00e1dzame v tabu\u013eke (Tabu\u013eka 17). Na z\u00e1klade zistenej \u0161tatistickej v\u00fdznamnosti Sig. &lt; 0,001 pova\u017eujeme korela\u010dn\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi premenn\u00fdmi Podpora od u\u010dite\u013ea a Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole za v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Hypot\u00e9zu H8 (rovnako H8a \u2013 \u010di\u017ee dvojsmern\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy) prij\u00edmame. Podpora u\u010dite\u013ea line\u00e1rne s\u00favis\u00ed s pozit\u00edvnym vz\u0165ahom ku \u0161kole. <\/em> (Uveden\u00e1 interpret\u00e1cia posta\u010duje, pokia\u013e je hypot\u00e9za dvojsmern\u00e1)<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pokia\u013e je hypot\u00e9za <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">jednosmern\u00e1 a bol zisten\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vz\u0165ah<\/span> (\u010di\u017ee Sig. &lt; 0,05. Pokia\u013e je Sig. vy\u0161\u0161ia ne\u017e 0,05, vz\u0165ah v\u00fdznamn\u00fd nie je, hypot\u00e9zu rovno zamietame), pokra\u010dujeme <strong>interpret\u00e1ciou hodnoty<\/strong> korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Hodnota Spearmanovho\/Pearsonovho korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu je \u03c1 = 0,443\/ r = 0,455. Ide o pozit\u00edvny (kladn\u00fd), stredne siln\u00fd vz\u0165ah, \u010do znamen\u00e1 \u017ee medzi premenn\u00fdmi je priama \u00famernos\u0165. \u010c\u00edm je podpora od u\u010dite\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161ia, t\u00fdm je vz\u0165ah \u017eiaka ku \u0161kole pozit\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed. So vzrastaj\u00facim sk\u00f3re jednej premennej vzrast\u00e1 sk\u00f3re druhej premennej. Hypot\u00e9zu H8b (a rovnako H8c) prij\u00edmame.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c93b35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c93b35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 17 V\u00fdsledky testovania H8: Spearmanov koeficient poradovej korel\u00e1cie (\u03c1) a Pearsonov koeficient s\u00fa\u010dinovej korel\u00e1cie (r) vz\u0165ahu medzi Podporou od u\u010dite\u013ea a Pozit\u00edvnym vz\u0165ahom ku \u0161kole<\/em><\/p><div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\"><table style=\"width: 90%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; margin-left: 30px; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"34%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"32%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"34%\"><strong>Podpora od u\u010dite\u013ea<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" rowspan=\"3\"><strong>Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none;\"><em>Spearmanovo \u03c1<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><strong>,443<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\"><em>Sig.<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\"><strong>,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><em>N<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">2410<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\" rowspan=\"3\"><strong>Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none;\"><em>Pearsonovo r<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><strong>,455<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\"><em>Sig.<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\"><strong>,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><em>N<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">2410<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p>Line\u00e1rne vz\u0165ahy medzi kardin\u00e1lnymi premenn\u00fdmi je mo\u017en\u00e9 zobrazi\u0165 graficky grafom <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">scatterom<\/span> (Graf 15), ktor\u00fd je mo\u017en\u00e9 doplni\u0165 tzv. \u201e<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">FIT LINE at total<\/span>\u201c priamkou \u2013 t\u00e1to uhlom svojho naklonenia od osi x zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje silu, orient\u00e1ciou (z\u013eava dolu smerom doprava hore, alebo opa\u010dne) aj polaritu line\u00e1rneho vz\u0165ahu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a3981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a3981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edklady 9 a 10 &#8211; ordin\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9:<\/strong><br>\nH9: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee \u0161kolsk\u00fd prospech s\u00favis\u00ed s po\u010dtom dobr\u00fdch priate\u013eov (dvojsmern\u00e1).<br>\nH10: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee jednotlivec m\u00e1 t\u00fdm lep\u0161\u00ed prospech, \u010d\u00edm viac det\u00ed s n\u00edm \u017eije v dom\u00e1cnosti (jednosmern\u00e1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d2577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52d2577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11908 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-11-01.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-11-01.png 630w, https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/statistika-11-01-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Graf 15 Scatter graf zobrazuj\u00faci line\u00e1rnu z\u00e1vislos\u0165 medzi premenn\u00fdmi Pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah ku \u0161kole a Podpora od u\u010dite\u013ea<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f3c93b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f3c93b5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-df41328\" data-id=\"df41328\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82191e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82191e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Operacionalizujeme premenn\u00e9<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"\u010co je operacionaliz\u00e1cia sme rozpracovali v kapitole 3.1\">35<\/span>, aby sme pochopili ich ordin\u00e1lny charakter:<br>\n<u>\u0160kolsk\u00fd prospech<\/u> dosahuje hodnoty od 1 \u2013 8, pri\u010dom 1 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u017eiak m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou jednotky, 2 \u2013 m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou jednotky a dvojky&#8230;.., 7 \u2013 m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou \u0161tvorky a 8 \u2013 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou \u0161tvorky a p\u00e4\u0165ky. Hodnota teda nie je exaktne matematicky ur\u010den\u00e1 a ide\njednozna\u010dne o ordin\u00e1lnu \u0161k\u00e1lu, v dotazn\u00edku reprezentovan\u00fa slovn\u00fdmi odstup\u0148ovan\u00fdmi v\u00fdpove\u010fami.<br>\n<u>Po\u010det dobr\u00fdch priate\u013eov<\/u> nadob\u00fada hodnoty: 1 \u2013 nem\u00e1m \u017eiadnych, 2 \u2013 jedn\u00e9ho, 3-\ndvoch&#8230;, 5- p\u00e4\u0165 \u010di viac. Ide teda rovnako o ordin\u00e1lnu premenn\u00fa.<br>\n<u>Po\u010det det\u00ed v dom\u00e1cnosti<\/u> je vyjadren\u00fd v dotazn\u00edku \u010d\u00edslami, pri\u010dom najvy\u0161\u0161iu hodnotu m\u00e1 odpove\u010f: 6 \u010di viac det\u00ed. Ak by tu boli re\u00e1lne \u010d\u00edsla, neobmedzen\u00e9 poslednou\nhodnotou, premenn\u00e1 by bola kardin\u00e1lna. Ak v\u0161ak je odpovedanie obmedzen\u00e9 do \u201e6\na viac\u201c, ide o ordin\u00e1lnu premenn\u00fa.<br>\nNa vyhodnotenie oboch hypot\u00e9z je pou\u017eit\u00fd Spearmanov korela\u010dn\u00fd koeficient,\nv\u00fdsledky k obom hypot\u00e9zam je mo\u017en\u00e9 uvies\u0165 v jedinej tabu\u013eke (Tabu\u013eka 18).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701a048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701a048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledkov H9<\/strong>:<\/em>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Hypot\u00e9zu H9 sme overovali Spearmanov\u00fdm koeficientom poradovej korel\u00e1cie s v\u00fdsledkom \u03c1 = 0,075 a Sig. &lt; 0,001. Vzh\u013eadom k hodnote v\u00fdznamnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 zisten\u00fd vz\u0165ah pova\u017eova\u0165 za \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, av\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, \u017ee jeho hodnota je men\u0161ia ako 0,1, \u010do \u0161tatisticky interpretujeme ako trivi\u00e1lny (ban\u00e1lny) vz\u0165ah.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee s viac ako 99,9% istotou (o tom vypoved\u00e1 hodnota Sig.) je medzi premenn\u00fdmi trivi\u00e1lny vz\u0165ah. Form\u00e1lne alternat\u00edvnu nenulov\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu prij\u00edmame (\u0161tatistick\u00e1 interpret\u00e1cia), ale vecne (tzn. v diskusii) vz\u0165ah neinterpretujeme<span class=\"footnote\" data-note=\"Tu sme narazili na jeden z \u010dast\u00fdch interpreta\u010dn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov, ktor\u00fd sa objavuje pri ve\u013ek\u00fdch s\u00faboroch. Ide o \u0161tatisticky jednozna\u010dne v\u00fdznamn\u00fd v\u00fdsledok, ale jeho 'efekt size' \u2013 hodnota efektu, pod\u013ea ktorej sa interpretuje vecn\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnos\u0165 (tzn., do akej mie ry sa t\u00e1to s\u00favislos\u0165 prejavuje v re\u00e1lnom svete), je v takom p\u00e1sme, \u017ee tento vz\u0165ah nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vecne interpretova\u0165 ako existuj\u00faci. Pokia\u013e by bola vzorka men\u0161ia, hodnota Sig. by dosahovala vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty ( &gt; 0,05) a zamietnutie by bolo jednozna\u010dn\u00e9.\">36<\/span>!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f180035 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f180035\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Interpret\u00e1cia v\u00fdsledkov H10<\/strong>:<\/em>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Hypot\u00e9zu H10 sme overovali rovnak\u00fdm testom (Spearmanov korela\u010dn\u00fd koeficient), s v\u00fdsledkom \u03c1 = -0,115 a Sig. < 0,001. Zisten\u00fd vz\u0165ah je \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Preto\u017ee ide o jednosmern\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu a hodnota koeficientu je v interpretovate\u013enom intervale 0,1 \u2013 0,3, \u010do sved\u010d\u00ed pre slab\u00fd vz\u0165ah, mus\u00edme pre prijatie hypot\u00e9zy zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 aj smerovanie (polaritu) vz\u0165ahu. Ide o z\u00e1porn\u00fd koeficient, ktor\u00fd hovor\u00ed o tom, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je jedna premenn\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161ia, t\u00fdm je druh\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 ni\u017e\u0161ia. V\u017edy sa mus\u00edme d\u00f4kladne zamyslie\u0165, \u010do znamenaj\u00fa n\u00edzke a vysok\u00e9 hodnoty premenn\u00fdch. V tomto pr\u00edpade interpretujeme \u010falej:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Medzi premenn\u00fdmi je z\u00e1porn\u00fd slab\u00fd vz\u0165ah. \u010c\u00edm dosahuje prospech ni\u017e\u0161ie hodnoty (je lep\u0161\u00ed), t\u00fdm je po\u010det det\u00ed v dom\u00e1cnosti vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Hypot\u00e9zu H10 prij\u00edmame.<\/em> <p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef251c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef251c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Tabu\u013eka 18 V\u00fdsledky testovania H9 a H10: Spearmanov koeficient poradovej korel\u00e1cie<\/em><\/p><div style=\"width: 100%; background-color: white;\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: white; font-size: 16px !important;\"><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"25%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"25%\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"25%\"><strong>Po\u010det dobr\u00fdch<br \/>priate\u013eov<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none;\" width=\"25%\"><strong>Po\u010det det\u00ed v<br \/>dom\u00e1cnosti<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none;\" rowspan=\"3\"><p><strong>Prospech v \u0161kole<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(1 = najlep\u0161\u00ed,&#8230; 8 = najhor\u0161\u00ed)<\/p><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none;\"><em>Spearmanovo \u03c1<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><strong>0,075<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><strong>-,115<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-style: none;\"><em>Sig.<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\"><strong>,000<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: #dfdfdf; border-style: none;\"><strong>,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"background-color: white;\"><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\"><em>N<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">2410<\/td><td style=\"padding: 4px; background-color: white; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none;\">2410<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p>V pr\u00edpade zis\u0165ovania vz\u0165ahov medzi ordin\u00e1lnymi premenn\u00fdmi <strong>nie je vhodn\u00fd<\/strong> graf scatter. Odpor\u00fa\u010dame pre zobrazenie vytvori\u0165 <u>kontingen\u010dn\u00fd graf<\/u> v Exceli.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-400c18b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"400c18b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-53bad9a\" data-id=\"53bad9a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b01646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b01646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00daLOHY<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e595e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1e595e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol start=\"22\">\n \t<li>Sformulujte dvojsmern\u00fa a potom jednosmern\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu o vz\u0165ahu medzi inteligenciou a hodnoten\u00edm z predmetu o \u0161tatistike\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li>Zamyslite sa, o ak\u00e9 premenn\u00e9 ide a premenn\u00e9 sk\u00faste operacionalizova\u0165 (vymyslite si, ako by ste ich mohli mera\u0165).<\/li>\n \t<li>Ak\u00fd korela\u010dn\u00fd test by ste zvolili? Rozhodnutie od\u00f4vodnite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Sformulujte ak\u00fako\u013evek jednosmern\u00fa hypot\u00e9zu o vz\u0165ahu dvoch kvantitat\u00edvnych (O, K) premenn\u00fdch s pou\u017eit\u00edm cvi\u010dnej (\u010di vlastnej) datab\u00e1zy.\n<ul class=\"jv-bullets\">\n \t<li>Zoh\u013eadnite potrebn\u00e9 parametre (normalita, \u0161tandardnos\u0165 testu, ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky) a zvo\u013ete typ \u0161tatistick\u00e9 testu.<\/li>\n \t<li>Hypot\u00e9zu otestujte (v SPSS), v\u00fdsledky spracujte do tabu\u013eky a interpretujte.<\/li>\n \t<li>V\u00fdsledok zobrazte pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm grafom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0160TATISTIKA PRAKTICKY (NIELEN) V Z\u00c1VERE\u010cN\u00ddCH PR\u00c1CACH 11.KOREL\u00c1CIA MEDZI DVOMA KVANTITAT\u00cdVNYMI PREMENN\u00ddMI S\u00favislosti v zmysle line\u00e1rnych vz\u0165ahov (priama\/nepriama \u00famernos\u0165) medzi dvoma kvantitat\u00edvnymi (kardin\u00e1lnymi \u010di ordin\u00e1lnymi) premenn\u00fdmi m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 testovan\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom korela\u010dn\u00e9ho koeficientu. Diferencujeme medzi parametrickou verziou \u2013 PEARSONOV KOEFICIENT S\u00da\u010cINOVEJ KOREL\u00c1CIE a neparametrickou verziou \u2013 SPEARMANOV KOEFICIENT PORADOVEJ KOREL\u00c1CIE. Pearsonov koeficient po\u010d\u00edta line\u00e1rny vz\u0165ah medzi re\u00e1lnymi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11879","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11879","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11879"}],"version-history":[{"count":70,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11879\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13647,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11879\/revisions\/13647"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11879"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}