{"id":13082,"date":"2025-11-13T11:06:01","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T10:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=13082"},"modified":"2025-11-13T11:10:37","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T10:10:37","slug":"jazykova-kultura-12-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/jazykova-kultura-12-1\/","title":{"rendered":"jazykova-kultura-12-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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JAZYKOV\u00c1 KULT\u00daRA \u2014 P\u00cdSOMN\u00dd A \u00daSTNY PREJAV<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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12.1 Konsonantick\u00e9 neutraliz\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>

Medzi spoluhl\u00e1skami nast\u00e1vaj\u00fa v sloven\u010dine tieto z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 typy neutraliz\u00e1ci\u00ed:<\/p>

\u2014 znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia,<\/p>

\u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu dif\u00faznos\u0165\/kompaktnos\u0165,<\/p>

\u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu sykavos\u0165\/nesykavos\u0165,<\/p>

\u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu ostros\u0165\/tupos\u0165,<\/p>

\u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu z\u00e1verovos\u0165\/\u00fa\u017einovos\u0165.<\/p>

Znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/p>

Podstata znelostnej neutraliz\u00e1cie spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee znel\u00e9 p\u00e1rov\u00e9 spoluhl\u00e1sky v ur\u010dit\u00fdch fonetick\u00fdch kontextoch str\u00e1caj\u00fa svoju znelos\u0165, zatia\u013e \u010do neznel\u00e9 p\u00e1rov\u00e9 spoluhl\u00e1sky ju m\u00f4\u017eu nadobudn\u00fa\u0165 \u2014 a to v z\u00e1vislosti od zvukov\u00e9ho charakteru susednej hl\u00e1sky. Tento jav je typick\u00fdm prejavom asimil\u00e1cie znelosti, pri ktorej doch\u00e1dza k artikula\u010dn\u00e9mu prisp\u00f4sobeniu hl\u00e1sok v r\u00e1mci re\u010dov\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu. Neutraliz\u00e1cii podliehaj\u00fa v\u00fdlu\u010dne p\u00e1rov\u00e9 spoluhl\u00e1sky, no jej realiz\u00e1ciu sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa aj samohl\u00e1sky, nep\u00e1rov\u00e9 spoluhl\u00e1sky a pauza, ktor\u00e1 sa z fonetick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska spr\u00e1va ako neznel\u00fd segment. Znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia je v\u00a0sloven\u010dine v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zvukov\u00fdm javom, ktor\u00fd prispieva k plynulosti a efektivite re\u010dov\u00e9ho prejavu, no z\u00e1rove\u0148 si vy\u017eaduje ortoepick\u00fa pozornos\u0165, najm\u00e4 v pr\u00edpadoch, kde m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k v\u00fdznamov\u00fdm posunom.<\/p>

V sloven\u010dine sa znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia uskuto\u010d\u0148uje na morfematickej hranici, \u010di\u017ee:<\/p>

\u2014 na hranici slov,<\/p>

\u2014 na konci slova pred pauzou,<\/p>

\u2014 na hranici slovn\u00fdch z\u00e1kladov v zlo\u017een\u00fdch slov\u00e1ch,<\/p>

\u2014 na hranici predpony a kore\u0148a alebo z\u00e1kladu slova,<\/p>

\u2014 na hranici kore\u0148a alebo z\u00e1kladu slova a odvodzovacej (iba v\u00fdnimo\u010dne aj oh\u00fdbacej) pr\u00edpony.<\/p>

Neutraliz\u00e1cia nast\u00e1va vtedy, ke\u010f sa na morfematickej hranici stretne neznel\u00e1 spoluhl\u00e1ska so znelou (so znelou p\u00e1rovou, nep\u00e1rovou i samohl\u00e1skou), alebo ke\u010f sa na tomto mieste stretne znel\u00e1 p\u00e1rov\u00e1 spoluhl\u00e1ska s neznelou \u010di ak po znelej p\u00e1rovej spoluhl\u00e1ske nasleduje pauza. Neutraliz\u00e1cia nast\u00e1va:<\/p>

a) Na hranici dvoch slov<\/strong><\/p>

\u2014 zmena znelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na neznel\u00fa: Hrad sa zr\u00fatil<\/em>. [hrat\u203fsa\u203fzr\u00fa\u0165il],<\/p>

\u2014 zmena neznelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na znel\u00fa: \u010clovek bol nerv\u00f3zny. Pes je hladn\u00fd. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nefunguje. <\/em>[\u010dloveg\u203fbol\u203fnerv\u00f3zni; pez\u203fje\u203fhladn\u00ed; po\u010d\u00edta\u01ef\u203f\u0148efunguje].<\/p>

b) Na hranici predpony a z\u00e1kladu slova<\/strong><\/p>

\u2014 zmena znelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na neznel\u00fa: odpusti\u0165 [otpusti\u0165],<\/p>

\u2014 zmena neznelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na znel\u00fa: exman\u017eel [egzman\u017eel].<\/p>

c) Na hranici dvoch slovn\u00fdch z\u00e1kladov<\/strong><\/p>

\u2014 zmena znelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na neznel\u00fa: kn\u00edhkupec [k\u0148\u00edxkupec],<\/p>

\u2014 zmena neznelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na znel\u00fa: vrtmajster [vr\u0325dma\u012dster].<\/p>

d) Na hranici z\u00e1kladu slova a pr\u00edpony<\/strong><\/p>

\u2014 zmena znelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na neznel\u00fa: kni\u017eka [k\u0148i\u0161ka],<\/p>

\u2014 zmena neznelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na znel\u00fa: prosba [prozba].<\/p>

e) Na konci slova pred pauzou<\/strong><\/p>

\u2014 zmena znelej spoluhl\u00e1sky na neznel\u00fa: hrad [hrat].<\/p>

Neutraliz\u00e1cia nast\u00e1va aj slov\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 boli kedysi predponov\u00e9, no dnes ich tak nepoci\u0165ujeme: av\u0161ak, v\u010dela, v\u010dera, vt\u00e1k, vtedy, odvtedy, dovtedy, vtip, nebezpe\u010denstvo, rozko\u0161, roztomil\u00fd, n\u00e1dcha, nadchn\u00fa\u0165<\/em> [af\u0161ak, f\u010dela, v\u010dera, ft\u00e1k, ftedi, otftedi, doftedi, ftip, \u0148ebespe\u010de\u0235stvo, rosko\u0161, rostomil\u00ed, n\u00e1txa, natxn\u00fa\u0165].<\/p>

Slov\u00e1 kde, sme<\/em> a slov\u00e1 so zlo\u017ekou -kd<\/em>y vyslovujeme [g\u010fe, zme, b\u00e1rzg\u010fe, \u0148igdi].<\/p>

Slov\u00e1 kto, nikto, hockto<\/em> vyslovujeme v\u017edy [kto, \u0148ikto, hockto].<\/p>

Predlo\u017eky s<\/em> a k<\/em> vyslovujeme [z, g], ak nasleduje znel\u00e1 spoluhl\u00e1ska: [z\u203fmamou, g\u203fdubu, z\u02ecva\u0161\u00edm\u02eczn\u00e1mim, z\u02ecan\u010do\u016d], v opa\u010dnom pr\u00edpade ako s, k [s\u203fpetrom, k\u203ftov\u00e1rni]. Pred osobn\u00fdmi z\u00e1menami, ktor\u00e9 sa za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa Z\u00e1klady spisovnej v\u00fdslovnosti na s a v sa znelostn\u00e1 asimil\u00e1cia neuskuto\u010d\u0148uje: [s\u203f\u0148\u00edm, s\u203fnami, s\u203fvami, s\u02ec\u0148o\u016d, s\u203f\u0148imi; k\u203f\u0148emu, k\u203f\u0148e\u012d, k\u203fn\u00e1m, k\u203fv\u00e1m, k\u203f\u0148im].<\/p>

Neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu dif\u00faznos\u0165\/kompaktnos\u0165<\/strong><\/p>

Neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu dif\u00faznos\u0165\/kompaktnos\u0165 je zvukov\u00fd jav, ktor\u00fd v sloven\u010dine nast\u00e1va vtedy, ke\u010f sa v re\u010dovom pr\u00fade ved\u013ea seba vyskytn\u00fa dif\u00fazne spoluhl\u00e1sky (konkr\u00e9tne d<\/em>, t<\/em>, n<\/em>) a ich kompaktn\u00e9 korel\u00e1ty (\u010f<\/em>, \u0165<\/em>, \u0148<\/em>). Dif\u00fazne spoluhl\u00e1sky sa artikuluj\u00fa v prednej \u010dasti \u00fastnej dutiny (predo\u010fasnov\u00e9 a pern\u00e9), zatia\u013e \u010do kompaktn\u00e9 vznikaj\u00fa v zadnej\u0161\u00edch oblastiach artikula\u010dn\u00e9ho priestoru. Tento typ neutraliz\u00e1cie m\u00e1 regres\u00edvny charakter, podobne ako znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia \u2014 to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee prv\u00e1 spoluhl\u00e1ska sa prisp\u00f4sobuje nasleduj\u00facej. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch predch\u00e1dza tejto artikula\u010dnej adapt\u00e1cii e\u0161te znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia. V\u00fdsledkom je zjednotenie artikula\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed oboch hl\u00e1sok, \u010d\u00edm sa zabezpe\u010duje plynulos\u0165 a efektivita re\u010dov\u00e9ho prejavu.<\/p>

Pr\u00edklady: od\u0165a\u0165, oddiali\u0165, denne <\/em>[o>\u0165a\u0165, o>\u010f\u012da\u013ei\u0165, \u010fe>\u0148e].<\/p>

Neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu sykavos\u0165\/nesykavos\u0165<\/strong><\/p>

Vyskytuje sa vtedy, ak sa stretne niektor\u00e1 z nesykav\u00fdch spoluhl\u00e1sok t, d, \u0165, \u010f <\/em>s niektorou zo sykav\u00fdch spoluhl\u00e1sok s, z, c, dz, \u0161, \u017e, \u010d, \u010fz<\/em>. Toto poradie mus\u00ed by\u0165 zachovan\u00e9, lebo ak nasleduje najsk\u00f4r sykavka, tak asimil\u00e1cia nenast\u00e1va (cten\u00fd, s\u0165a\u0165<\/em>…). V\u00fdsledkom neutraliz\u00e1cie je z\u00e1nik nesykavej spoluhl\u00e1sky a zachovanie sykavej, jej zdvojenie \u010di dokonca zmena na in\u00fa sykavku.<\/p>

Pr\u00edklady: \u010cadca, s otcom, od\u0161tartova\u0165, pred\u0161kolsk\u00fd, \u0161v\u00e9dsky <\/em>[\u010da>ca, z\u203fo>com, o\u010dtarova\u0165, pre\u010dkolsk\u00ed, \u0161v\u00e9cki]. Zdvojen\u00e1 sykavka vznik\u00e1 vtedy, ak po skupine t,d, t, \u010f <\/em>+ sykavka nasleduje znel\u00e1 hl\u00e1ska (vedci, odsun\u00fa\u0165, odsekn\u00fa\u0165…<\/em>), nezdvojen\u00e1, jednoduch\u00e1 sykavka vtedy, ak nasleduje neznel\u00e1 hl\u00e1ska (odst\u00fapi\u0165, nad\u0161tandardn\u00ed…<\/em>). V prvom pr\u00edpade, teda ak nasleduje znel\u00e1 hl\u00e1ska, neutraliz\u00e1cia v spisovnej sloven\u010dine m\u00f4\u017ee, no nemus\u00ed prebehn\u00fa\u0165. Spisovn\u00e9 s\u00fa obe podoby v\u00fdslovnosti, napr. od\u0161umie\u0165 [o>\u010dum\u012de\u0165\/ot\u0161um\u012de\u0165].<\/p>

d) Neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu ostros\u0165\/tupos\u0165<\/strong><\/p>

Je v sloven\u010dine zriedkav\u00e1 a vznik\u00e1, ak po ostrej spoluhl\u00e1ske n <\/em>nasleduje tup\u00e1 spoluhl\u00e1ska b<\/em>. Tup\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u0161etky spoluhl\u00e1sky, ktor\u00e9 vznikaj\u00fa na okrajoch \u00fastnej dutiny (pern\u00e9, m\u00e4kkopodnebn\u00e9 a hrtanov\u00e1 spoluhl\u00e1ska h<\/em>), ostr\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 \u2014 vznikaj\u00fa v strednej \u010dasti \u00fastnej dutiny. Pr\u00edklady: hanba, \u017eenba, klenba <\/em>[hamba, \u017eemba, k\u013eemba].<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

e) Neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu z\u00e1verovos\u0165\/\u00fa\u017einovos\u0165<\/strong><\/p>

Nast\u00e1va vtedy, ak sa bezprostredne za sebou stretn\u00fa z\u00e1verov\u00e1 (c, dz, \u010d, d\u017e<\/em>) a \u00fa\u017einov\u00e1 sykavka (s, \u0161<\/em>). Toto poradie mus\u00ed by\u0165 zachovan\u00e9. V\u00fdsledkom neutraliz\u00e1cie je vznik inej sykavky alebo zdvojenie p\u00f4vodnej. Platia tu rovnak\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 ako pri neutraliz\u00e1cii protikladu kompaktnos\u0165\/dif\u00faznos\u0165. Zdvojen\u00e1 sykavka vznik\u00e1 vtedy, ak nasleduje znel\u00e1 hl\u00e1ska (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi, zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a<\/em>), nezdvojen\u00e1, jednoduch\u00e1 sykavka vtedy, ak nasleduje neznel\u00e1 hl\u00e1ska (prievidzsk\u00fd, kambod\u017esk\u00fd, dedi\u010dstvo<\/em>).<\/p>

Pr\u00edklady: v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, prievidzsk\u00fd <\/em>[ve>\u010d\u00ed, pr\u012devick\u00ed].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

JAZYKOV\u00c1 KULT\u00daRA \u2014 P\u00cdSOMN\u00dd A \u00daSTNY PREJAV 12.1 Konsonantick\u00e9 neutraliz\u00e1cie Medzi spoluhl\u00e1skami nast\u00e1vaj\u00fa v sloven\u010dine tieto z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 typy neutraliz\u00e1ci\u00ed: \u2014 znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia, \u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu dif\u00faznos\u0165\/kompaktnos\u0165, \u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu sykavos\u0165\/nesykavos\u0165, \u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu ostros\u0165\/tupos\u0165, \u2014 neutraliz\u00e1cia protikladu z\u00e1verovos\u0165\/\u00fa\u017einovos\u0165. Znelostn\u00e1 neutraliz\u00e1cia Podstata znelostnej neutraliz\u00e1cie spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee znel\u00e9 p\u00e1rov\u00e9 spoluhl\u00e1sky v ur\u010dit\u00fdch fonetick\u00fdch kontextoch str\u00e1caj\u00fa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13082","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13082"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13082\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13094,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13082\/revisions\/13094"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}