{"id":1350,"date":"2023-02-26T08:02:38","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T07:02:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1350"},"modified":"2023-02-26T10:43:45","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T09:43:45","slug":"zaklady-pedagogiky-3-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/zaklady-pedagogiky-3-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1klady pedagogiky-3-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1350\" class=\"elementor elementor-1350\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3847c89 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"3847c89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ab6765\" data-id=\"3ab6765\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46bed8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46bed8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7b2341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7b2341\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0087dd1\" data-id=\"0087dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-256368f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"256368f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dedd719\" data-id=\"dedd719\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bba02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16bba02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u010dn\u00e9 obsahov\u00e9 zlo\u017eky v\u00fdchovy<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03907ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03907ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Rozumov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rozumov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova sa v\u00a0nov\u0161ej literat\u00fare ozna\u010duje aj ako <strong>vedeck\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/strong>, alebo <strong>v\u00fdchova poznania<\/strong><strong><em>. <\/em><\/strong>Te\u00f3riou rozumovej v\u00fdchovy je didaktika, ktor\u00fa tie\u017e definujeme ako te\u00f3riu vyu\u010dovania a\u00a0vzdel\u00e1vania. Didaktika b\u00fdva zara\u010fovan\u00e1 v\u00a0pr\u00edprave u\u010dite\u013eov medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi povinn\u00fdmi predmetmi.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Obsah rozumovej v\u00fdchovy tvor\u00ed:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>rozvoj zmyslov\u00e9ho poznania,<\/li><li>osvojovanie vedomost\u00ed a\u00a0sk\u00fasenost\u00ed,<\/li><li>rozvoj myslenia a\u00a0re\u010di,<\/li><li>rozvoj intelektu\u00e1lnych sp\u00f4sobilost\u00ed, n\u00e1vykov,<\/li><li>rozvoj pozn\u00e1vac\u00edch (kognit\u00edvnych) schopnost\u00ed,<\/li><li>rozvoj\u00a0kritick\u00e9ho myslenia a tvorivosti,<\/li><li>sebapoznanie a\u00a0sebahodnotenie (predpoklady sebav\u00fdchovy).<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Rozumov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/strong> v\u00a0sebe obsahuje aj osvojovanie met\u00f3d a\u00a0techn\u00edk akt\u00edvneho a\u00a0samostatn\u00e9ho z\u00edskavania vedomost\u00ed,\u00a0ich tvorivej aplik\u00e1cie a utv\u00e1ranie n\u00e1vykov efekt\u00edvnej du\u0161evnej pr\u00e1ce a\u00a0\u0161t\u00fadia.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kritick\u00e9 myslenie<\/strong> predpoklad\u00e1\u00a0 sk\u00fama\u0165 my\u0161lienky a\u00a0n\u00e1zory skepticky, porovn\u00e1va\u0165 ich s\u00a0in\u00fdmi my\u0161lienkami a\u00a0n\u00e1zormi a\u00a0a\u017e potom vytvori\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 stanovisko. Na podporu kritick\u00e9ho (a\u00a0tvoriv\u00e9ho) myslenia m\u00f4\u017eeme pou\u017ei\u0165 napr. probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, \u00falohy a\u00a0zadania, brainstorming (s oddelenou f\u00e1zou produkcie a\u00a0hodnotenia n\u00e1padov), Cloze test (\u00falohou je doplni\u0165 do textu vhodn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 na vynechan\u00e9 miesta), pojmov\u00e9 mapovanie (grafick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zor\u0148ovanie s\u00favislost\u00ed medzi pojmami) a\u00a0i. (Dargov\u00e1, Petrasov\u00e1, 2005).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc513021157\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516741099\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516820888\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc517950398\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520717975\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520972294\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520979964\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521316988\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521927523\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522013987\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522018821\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522530581\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523486721\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523740484\"><\/a><strong>Mravn\u00e1 (etick\u00e1) v\u00fdchova<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Cie\u013eom mravnej (etickej) v\u00fdchovy<\/strong> je formovanie mravne zrel\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd sa riadi ur\u010dit\u00fdmi spolo\u010densky uznan\u00fdmi mor\u00e1lnymi pravidlami \u2013 mor\u00e1lkou.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00fdsledkom mravnej v\u00fdchovy je <strong>mravnos\u0165, <\/strong>ktor\u00e1 predstavuje syst\u00e9m u\u017e zvn\u00fatornen\u00fdch mravn\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t. T\u00e1to zlo\u017eka m\u00e1 svoje kateg\u00f3rie, ako s\u00fa <strong>mor\u00e1lka a\u00a0mravn\u00e1 norma.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mor\u00e1lka <\/strong>je s\u00fabor pravidiel, noriem a\u00a0z\u00e1konov, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia hlavne na to, aby konanie \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa \u010dlenmi ur\u010ditej spolo\u010dnosti, bolo koordinovan\u00e9. Predstavuje spolo\u010densk\u00fa in\u0161tit\u00faciu, ktorej \u00falohou je regul\u00e1cia spr\u00e1vania sa \u010dloveka vo\u00a0v\u0161etk\u00fdch sf\u00e9rach spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho \u017eivota \u2013 v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci, politike, rodine i\u00a0na verejnosti. M\u00f4\u017eeme ju definova\u0165 aj ako s\u00fastavu noriem o\u00a0mravnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed, pri\u010dom <strong>normy<\/strong> vyjadruj\u00fa to, \u010do je v\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti obvykl\u00e9 a\u00a0osved\u010den\u00e9, pr\u00edpustn\u00e9, spr\u00e1vne a\u00a0\u017eelate\u013en\u00e9. Z\u00e1kladom mor\u00e1lky s\u00fa univerz\u00e1lne platn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa z\u00a0gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu. Niektor\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa nemenn\u00e9, mnoh\u00e9 sa menia spolu s\u00a0v\u00fdvojom spolo\u010dnosti. Mor\u00e1lka sa teda st\u00e1le men\u00ed a\u00a0vyv\u00edja. Vznik, v\u00fdvoj a\u00a0zmeny mor\u00e1lky, p\u00f4vod a\u00a0v\u00fdvin mravnosti, princ\u00edpy a\u00a0normy \u013eudsk\u00e9ho konania a\u00a0spr\u00e1vania\u00a0 sk\u00fama <strong>etika \u2013 <\/strong>veda o\u00a0mor\u00e1lke a\u00a0mravnosti, ktor\u00e1 je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou filozofie a\u00a0tvor\u00ed teoretick\u00fd z\u00e1klad mravnej v\u00fdchovy. <strong>Mravn\u00e9 normy <\/strong>s\u00fa najv\u0161eobecnej\u0161\u00edmi po\u017eiadavkami, ktor\u00e9 vysvet\u013euj\u00fa spr\u00e1vanie sa \u013eud\u00ed. Vznikaj\u00fa v\u00fdvojom spolo\u010dnosti, vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z\u00a0jej cie\u013eov, z\u00a0duchovn\u00e9ho \u017eivota \u013eud\u00ed (Pokriv\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1,\u00a0 2000).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Obsah mravnej (etickej) v\u00fdchovy, <\/strong>ako uv\u00e1dza Kro\u010dkov\u00e1 (2004), tvoria nasledovn\u00e9 mravn\u00e9 hodnoty:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>mravn\u00e9 hodnoty vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0sebe sam\u00e9mu,<\/li><li>mravn\u00e9 hodnoty vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0in\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom,<\/li><li>mravn\u00e9 hodnoty vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti a\u00a0pr\u00e1ci,<\/li><li>mravn\u00e9 hodnoty vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0zmyslu \u017eivota a\u00a0viery.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">S\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou obsahu etickej v\u00fdchovy je aj <strong>etiketa,<\/strong> ktor\u00e1 predstavuje s\u00fahrn pravidiel slu\u0161n\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania sa viazan\u00fdch na ur\u010dit\u00e9 prostredie alebo pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 (napr.\u00a0diplomatick\u00e1 etiketa).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stupe\u0148 rozvoja\u00a0mravn\u00e9ho vedomia a spr\u00e1vania z\u00e1vis\u00ed od mravnej v\u00fdchovy a\u00a0sebav\u00fdchovy.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Medzi <strong>met\u00f3dy etickej\u00a0 v\u00fdchovy <\/strong>\u017dil\u00ednek (1997) za\u010dle\u0148uje: met\u00f3du objas\u0148ovania, met\u00f3du presved\u010dovania, met\u00f3du pr\u00edkladu, met\u00f3du cvi\u010denia a\u00a0met\u00f3du zhodnocovania. Naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie s\u00fa met\u00f3dy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na \u010dinnosti, sk\u00fasenosti a\u00a0z\u00e1\u017eitku vychov\u00e1van\u00e9ho.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc513021158\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516741100\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516820889\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc517950399\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520717976\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520972295\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520979965\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521316989\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521927524\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522013988\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522018822\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522530582\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523486722\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523740485\"><\/a><strong>Prosoci\u00e1lna v\u00fdchova<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prosoci\u00e1lna v\u00fdchova je zameran\u00e1 na formovanie prosoci\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vania sa, v\u00fdchovu prosoci\u00e1lneho \u010dloveka a predstavuje s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 etickej v\u00fdchovy. V\u00a0slovenskej pedagogike sa prosoci\u00e1lna v\u00fdchova podrobne za\u010dala rozprac\u00fava\u0165 a\u017e v 90. rokoch\u00a0 20. storo\u010dia a\u00a0vych\u00e1dza z\u00a0v\u00fdchovn\u00e9ho programu \u0161panielskeho profesora Roberto Roche Olivara (1992).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Cie\u013eom prosoci\u00e1lnej v\u00fdchovy<\/strong> je prosoci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie, ktor\u00e9 je zameran\u00e9 na pomoc, alebo v\u00a0prospech in\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed \u010di skup\u00edn bez o\u010dak\u00e1vania vonkaj\u0161ej odmeny (finan\u010dn\u00e1 odmena, pochvala, uznanie). Za prosoci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie mo\u017eno poklada\u0165 napr\u00edklad, ak anonymne prispejeme na charitat\u00edvnu \u010dinnos\u0165, ak pom\u00f4\u017eeme star\u0161iemu \u010dloveku, ak ho vypo\u010dujeme apod.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pojem prosoci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie niektor\u00ed autori stoto\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa s\u00a0pojmom <strong>altruizmus<\/strong>. \u010eal\u0161ie pojmy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00a0prosoci\u00e1lnou v\u00fdchovou s\u00favisia a\u00a0s\u00fa jej predpokladom s\u00fa empatia, asertivita, akcept\u00e1cia a\u00a0autenticita.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Empatia <\/strong>je <strong>\u00a0<\/strong>schopnos\u0165 \u010dloveka prostredn\u00edctvom komunik\u00e1cie s\u00a0druh\u00fdm \u010dlovekom v\u017ei\u0165 sa do jeho pocitov, schopnos\u0165 vc\u00edti\u0165 sa do jeho pre\u017e\u00edvania. <strong>Asertivita <\/strong>je schopnos\u0165 presadi\u0165 svoje po\u017eiadavky, n\u00e1zory a\u00a0o\u010dak\u00e1vania neagres\u00edvne, tak aby neporu\u0161oval ani svoje pr\u00e1va, ani pr\u00e1va in\u00fdch. <strong>Akcept\u00e1cia\u00a0 <\/strong>je schopnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 pom\u00e1ha vytvori\u0165 v\u00a0druhom \u010dloveku pocit, \u017ee je skuto\u010dne pochopen\u00fd vo svojej jedine\u010dnosti. Predstavuje schopnos\u0165 prija\u0165 in\u00e9ho \u010dloveka s\u00a0jeho pozit\u00edvnymi i\u00a0negat\u00edvnymi vlastnos\u0165ami. T\u00e1to schopnos\u0165 n\u00e1m pom\u00e1ha ochr\u00e1ni\u0165 sa pred predsudkami. <strong>Autenticita\u00a0 <\/strong>je schopnos\u0165 by\u0165 sam\u00fdm sebou, prav\u00fdm a\u00a0hodnovern\u00fdm \u010dlovekom. To znamen\u00e1 nema\u0165 strach pred n\u00e1zorom in\u00fdch a\u00a0neprisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 sa im, neusilova\u0165 sa o\u00a0akcept\u00e1ciu in\u00fdmi za ka\u017ed\u00fa cenu, neby\u0165 veden\u00fd t\u00fa\u017ebou zap\u00e1\u010di\u0165 sa in\u00fdm a\u00a0neby\u0165 pas\u00edvnym napodob\u0148ovate\u013eom spolo\u010densk\u00fdch o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00ed.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0Prejavy \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd sa spr\u00e1va <strong>prosoci\u00e1lne<\/strong> mo\u017eno zhrn\u00fa\u0165 nasledovne:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>prejavuje s\u00facit s\u00a0\u013eu\u010fmi, ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa \u0165a\u017ekosti,<\/li><li>te\u0161\u00ed ho obdarova\u0165 niekoho alebo rozdeli\u0165 sa s\u00a0niek\u00fdm,<\/li><li>nam\u00e1ha sa v\u00a0prospech in\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed,<\/li><li>\u00faspechy in\u00fdch prij\u00edma bez z\u00e1visti,<\/li><li>m\u00e1 pochopenie pre starosti a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody svojich zn\u00e1mych,<\/li><li>pre\u017e\u00edva s\u00a0in\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi ich starosti a\u00a0radosti.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Obsahom prosoci\u00e1lnej v\u00fdchovy je<\/strong>:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>d\u00f4stojnos\u0165 \u013eudskej osobnosti, \u00facta k\u00a0sebe,<\/li><li>postoje a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobilosti medzi\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov (po\u010d\u00favanie, \u00fasmev, dohoda, pozdrav),<\/li><li>pozit\u00edvne hodnotenie spr\u00e1vania druh\u00fdch (pochvala),<\/li><li>kreativita a\u00a0iniciat\u00edva (rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov a\u00a0\u00faloh),<\/li><li>komunik\u00e1cia (vyjadrenie vlastn\u00fdch citov),<\/li><li>interperson\u00e1lna a\u00a0soci\u00e1lna empatia (schopnos\u0165 \u010dloveka vc\u00edti\u0165 sa do poz\u00edcie, pocitov druh\u00fdch),<\/li><li>asertivita (rie\u0161enie agresivity a\u00a0kompetivity, sebaovl\u00e1danie, konflikty s\u00a0druh\u00fdmi),<\/li><li>re\u00e1lne a\u00a0prosoci\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy,<\/li><li>prosoci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie (pomoc, darovanie, delenie sa, spolupr\u00e1ca, zodpovednos\u0165 a\u00a0staros\u0165 o\u00a0druh\u00fdch, priate\u013estvo),<\/li><li>spolo\u010densk\u00e1 a\u00a0komplexn\u00e1 prosoci\u00e1lnos\u0165 (solidarita, soci\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my, soci\u00e1lna kritika, ob\u010dianska neposlu\u0161nos\u0165, nen\u00e1silie).<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nedostatok prosoci\u00e1lnosti, alebo jej \u00fapln\u00e1 absencia, sa prejavuje agresiou,\u00a0 egoizmom. Za najvhodnej\u0161ie <strong>met\u00f3dy prosoci\u00e1lnej v\u00fdchovy<\/strong> mo\u017eno ur\u010di\u0165 najm\u00e4 z\u00e1\u017eitkov\u00e9 met\u00f3dy ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad inscena\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0situa\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy, met\u00f3dy rie\u0161enia soci\u00e1lnych\/mravn\u00fdch konfliktov, met\u00f3da pr\u00edkladu apod.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc523740486\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc513021159\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516741101\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516820890\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc517950400\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520717977\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520972296\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520979966\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521316990\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521927525\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522013989\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522018823\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522530583\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523486723\"><\/a><strong>Estetick\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Estetick\u00e1 v\u00fdchova \u010derp\u00e1 teoretick\u00e9 poznatky z\u00a0<strong>estetiky<\/strong>, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eeme stru\u010dne definova\u0165 ako vedu o\u00a0kr\u00e1se a\u00a0umen\u00ed. Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ou estetickou hodnotou je kr\u00e1sa. Odha\u013eujeme ju hlavne prostredn\u00edctvom citov. Gogov\u00e1 (2004) uv\u00e1dza defin\u00edciu Urbana o\u00a0estetickej v\u00fdchove, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho je to \u010dinnos\u0165 navodzuj\u00faca v\u00a0psychike \u010dloveka potrebu estetick\u00fdch pre\u017eitkov a\u00a0estetick\u00e9ho sebavyjadrenia, a\u00a0ktor\u00e1 smeruje k\u00a0utv\u00e1raniu hodnotiaceho vz\u0165ahu \u010dloveka k\u00a0estetick\u00fdm javom. T\u00e1to defin\u00edcia z\u00e1rove\u0148 umo\u017e\u0148uje rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 estetick\u00fa v\u00fdchovu od umeleckej v\u00fdchovy a\u00a0v\u00fdchovy umen\u00edm. <strong>Umeleck\u00fa v\u00fdchovu<\/strong> ch\u00e1peme ako v\u00fdchovu profesion\u00e1lov v\u00a0oblasti umenia a\u00a0<strong>v\u00fdchova umen\u00edm<\/strong> je ch\u00e1pan\u00e1 ako v\u00fdchovn\u00fd proces, ktor\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edva umenie ako prostriedok.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Cie\u013eom estetickej v\u00fdchovy <\/strong>\u00a0je pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 \u017eiakom kr\u00e1su ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota a\u00a0nau\u010di\u0165 ich t\u00fato kr\u00e1su vn\u00edma\u0165, rozv\u00edja\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 poznatky z\u00a0oblasti estetiky, nau\u010di\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed rozumie\u0165 umeleck\u00fdm dielam a\u00a0taktie\u017e nau\u010di\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed akt\u00edvne kr\u00e1su tvori\u0165.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0pedagogickom pon\u00edman\u00ed estetickej v\u00fdchovy ide o\u00a0komplexn\u00fa estetiz\u00e1ciu v\u00fdchovy, \u010do predpoklad\u00e1 uplat\u0148ovanie po\u017eiadavky, aby v\u0161etky zlo\u017eky a\u00a0prostriedky v\u00fdchovy zodpovedali vhodnej estetickej \u00farovni, tzn. aby v\u00fdchova a\u00a0vzdel\u00e1vanie prebiehali v\u00a0esteticky hodnotnom prostred\u00ed, prostredn\u00edctvom esteticky hodnotn\u00fdch prostriedkov apod.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Obsahom estetickej v\u00fdchovy,<\/strong> vzh\u013eadom na jej ciele, je kl\u00e1s\u0165 d\u00f4raz na:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>v\u00fdchovu kladn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu ku kr\u00e1se,<\/li><li>v\u00fdchovu vkusu,<\/li><li>v\u00fdchovu kladn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0umeniu,<\/li><li>v\u00fdcvik z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch estetick\u00fdch zru\u010dnost\u00ed a\u00a0rozvoj talentu,<\/li><li>rozvoj estetickej tvorivosti.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00a0<strong>met\u00f3d estetickej v\u00fdchovy,<\/strong> ktor\u00e9 sa zameriavaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 na rozvoj estetick\u00e9ho c\u00edtenia a\u00a0formovanie estetick\u00e9ho vedomia \u017eiakov s\u00fa vhodn\u00e9 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm met\u00f3dy \u00a0samostatnej tvorby esteticky hodnotn\u00fdch v\u00fdtvorov, taktie\u017e v\u0161etky met\u00f3dy emocionaliz\u00e1cie, estetickej axiologiz\u00e1cie a\u00a0kognitiviz\u00e1cie v\u00a0oblasti kr\u00e1sna a\u00a0umenia (Pokriv\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1,\u00a0 2000).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Estetick\u00e1 v\u00fdchova v\u00a0\u0161kole sa <\/strong>uskuto\u010d\u0148uje nielen v\u00a0\u0161peci\u00e1lnych esteticko-v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch a\u00a0humanitn\u00fdch predmetoch, ale vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch vyu\u010dovan\u00fdch predmetoch, ako aj v\u00a0mimovyu\u010dovac\u00edch form\u00e1ch estetickej v\u00fdchovy (kult\u00farne exkurzie, z\u00e1ujmov\u00e9 kr\u00fa\u017eky a i. D\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou estetickej v\u00fdchovy je estetika \u0161kolsk\u00e9ho prostredia (Holou\u0161ov\u00e1, 1999).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc513021160\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516741102\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516820891\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc517950401\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520717978\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520972297\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520979967\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521316991\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521927526\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522013990\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522018824\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522530584\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523486724\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523740487\"><\/a><strong>Pracovn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0literat\u00fare sa mo\u017eno stretn\u00fa\u0165 aj s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm <strong>profesijn\u00e1 <\/strong>v\u00fdchova, <strong>technick\u00e1 <\/strong>v\u00fdchova, <strong>polytechnick\u00e1<\/strong> v\u00fdchova. D\u00f4le\u017eitou podmienkou existencie \u010dloveka je <strong>pr\u00e1ca<\/strong> vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch jej podob\u00e1ch (telesn\u00e1 a\u00a0du\u0161evn\u00e1, riadiaca a\u00a0v\u00fdkonn\u00e1) a\u00a0vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch\u00a0oblastiach (priemysel, slu\u017eby, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo, \u0161kolstvo a\u00a0i.).\u00a0 Pracovn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova je najstar\u0161ia zlo\u017eka v\u00fdchovy. Pr\u00e1ca sa dnes st\u00e1le viac intelektualizuje a jej vykon\u00e1vanie vy\u017eaduje dobr\u00fa orient\u00e1ciu v\u00a0lav\u00edne inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, prezentovan\u00fdch prostredn\u00edctvom r\u00f4znych m\u00e9di\u00ed, v\u00a0r\u00f4znych jazykoch. Pracovn\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra je sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e1 mno\u017estvom zmien, v\u00fdziev a\u00a0volieb. \u00dalohy pracovnej v\u00fdchovy s\u00fa<strong>:<\/strong><\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>pracovn\u00e1 kvalifik\u00e1cia: <\/strong>utv\u00e1ranie a rozvoj vedomost\u00ed, intelektu\u00e1lnych a\u00a0soci\u00e1lno-komunikat\u00edvnych sp\u00f4sobilost\u00ed, pracovn\u00fdch zru\u010dnost\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1vykov, ako aj rozvoj schopnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa vykon\u00e1va\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00fa pr\u00e1cu efekt\u00edvne, pri re\u0161pektovan\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch a\u00a0hygienick\u00fdch z\u00e1sad a environment\u00e1lnych s\u00favislost\u00ed;<\/li><li><strong>rozvoj technick\u00e9ho a ekonomick\u00e9ho myslenia: <\/strong>poznanie vedeck\u00fdch a\u00a0technick\u00fdch princ\u00edpov z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed v\u00fdroby,\u00a0utv\u00e1ranie hospod\u00e1rneho vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0materi\u00e1lnym hodnot\u00e1m a re\u0161pektovanie\u00a0ekonomick\u00fdch s\u00favislost\u00ed;<\/li><li>utv\u00e1ranie kladn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0pr\u00e1ci,<strong> pracovnej mor\u00e1lke<\/strong> (je podmienen\u00e1 v\u00f4\u013eov\u00fdmi a\u00a0charakterov\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami) apracovnej kult\u00fare (s\u00fabor kval\u00edt osobnosti, ktor\u00fdmi sa prejavuje v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci a\u00a0\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa s\u00a0pr\u00e1cou\u00a0 spojen\u00e9);<\/li><li>profesijn\u00e1 orient\u00e1cia: dostato\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o\u00a0trhu pr\u00e1ce a\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00fdch<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">predpokladoch na v\u00fdkon ur\u010ditej profesie, utv\u00e1ranie profesion\u00e1lnych z\u00e1ujmov a\u00a0postojov. (Kosteln\u00edk, 2009)<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pracovn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova\u00a0 sa realizuje\u00a0 prakticky zameranou v\u00fdchovou v\u00a0rodine, prakticky zameran\u00fdm vyu\u010dovan\u00edm v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch predmetoch na \u0161kol\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0z\u00e1ujmov\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch \u010dinnostiach. V\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu maj\u00fa dielensk\u00e9 a\u00a0laborat\u00f3rne cvi\u010denia, v\u00fdrobn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca v\u00a0podnikoch a\u00a0stredisk\u00e1ch praktick\u00e9ho vyu\u010dovania, exkurzie, odborn\u00e9 praxe a\u00a0i. S\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pracovnej v\u00fdchovy je tie\u017e\u00a0\u00a0 rozvoj ekonomick\u00e9ho myslenia a konania (Holou\u0161ov\u00e1, 1999).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc513021161\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516741103\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc516820892\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc517950402\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520717979\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520972298\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc520979968\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521316992\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc521927527\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522013991\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522018825\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc522530585\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523486725\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc523740488\"><\/a><strong>Telesn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova (v\u00fdchova k\u00a0zdraviu)<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00f4le\u017eitou hodnotou je zdravie, ktor\u00e9 v\u00fdznamne determinuje kvalitu \u013eudsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Zdrav\u00fd \u010dlovek je subjekt\u00edvne bez probl\u00e9mov a\u00a0objekt\u00edvne bez lek\u00e1rskeho n\u00e1lezu. Ide o funk\u010dn\u00e9 optimum biologickej, psychickej\u00a0 a\u00a0soci\u00e1lnej zlo\u017eky osobnosti.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cie\u013eom v\u00fdchovy v\u00a0tejto oblasti je telesn\u00e1, du\u0161evn\u00e1 a\u00a0soci\u00e1lna pohoda, ochrana a\u00a0upev\u0148ovanie telesn\u00e9ho,\u00a0psychick\u00e9ho a\u00a0soci\u00e1lneho zdravia. Telesn\u00e1 a\u00a0pohybov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova smeruje k\u00a0zdraviu \u010dloveka a je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou jeho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu (Mu\u017e\u00edk, 2002). Presnej\u0161ie ide o\u00a0\u00falohy smeruj\u00face na:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>vytvorenie <strong>n\u00e1vykov spr\u00e1vnej \u017eivotospr\u00e1vy<\/strong> (racion\u00e1lna v\u00fd\u017eiva, pitn\u00fd re\u017eim), osobnej hygieny a\u00a0otu\u017eovania;<\/li><li><strong>v\u00fdchovu k\u00a0zdrav\u00e9mu \u017eivotn\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00fdlu<\/strong> (vyh\u00fdbanie sa alkoholu, nikot\u00ednu a\u00a0in\u00fdm n\u00e1vykov\u00fdm l\u00e1tkam a\u00a0\u010dinnostiam; pravideln\u00e9 \u0161portovanie a\u00a0pohybov\u00e9 aktivity; psychick\u00e1 relax\u00e1cia; utv\u00e1ranie \u201ezdrav\u00fdch\u201c soci\u00e1lnych vz\u0165ahov a\u00a0i.);<\/li><li>telesn\u00fa, psychick\u00fa a soci\u00e1lnu <strong>odolnos\u0165<\/strong> a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobilos\u0165 k telesnej, psychickej i\u00a0soci\u00e1lnej sebaobrane (odol\u00e1vanie telesnej z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ei, stresu, soci\u00e1lnym tlakom);<\/li><li><strong>kompenz\u00e1ciu<\/strong> pracovn\u00fdch, \u0161tudijn\u00fdch a vo\u013eno\u010dasov\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa \u010dasto \u201esedav\u00fd\u201c charakter a\u00a0v\u00a0posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010diach ved\u00fa spolu s\u00a0nespr\u00e1vnou v\u00fd\u017eivou (\u201er\u00fdchle\u201c jedl\u00e1, sladk\u00e9 n\u00e1poje), \u010dasov\u00fdm stresom a\u00a0soci\u00e1lnou apatiou k\u00a0telesnej (obezita), psychickej (\u00fazkosti, depresie) a\u00a0 soci\u00e1lnej (vyradenie z\u00a0triednej komunity) nepohode.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Telesn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova pln\u00ed okrem <strong>zdravotnej<\/strong> funkcie (upev\u0148ovanie zdravia, predch\u00e1dzanie chorob\u00e1m) aj <strong>v\u00fdchovn\u00fa<\/strong> (rozvoj v\u00f4\u013eov\u00fdch a\u00a0charakterov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed) a\u00a0<strong>vzdel\u00e1vaciu<\/strong> (poznatky z\u00a0hist\u00f3rie telesnej kult\u00fary a\u00a0\u0161porty, pravidl\u00e1 \u0161portov apod.).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0160kolsk\u00e1 telesn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/strong> sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje nielen na hodin\u00e1ch telesnej v\u00fdchovy, ale aj pred a\u00a0po\u010das vyu\u010dovania (napr. zaradenie kr\u00e1tkych telov\u00fdchovn\u00fdch momentov, striedanie zv\u00fd\u0161enej telesnej n\u00e1mahy a\u00a0oddychu na odbornom v\u00fdcviku a\u00a0i. (Holou\u0161ov\u00e1, 1999).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY Tradi\u010dn\u00e9 obsahov\u00e9 zlo\u017eky v\u00fdchovy Rozumov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova Rozumov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova sa v\u00a0nov\u0161ej literat\u00fare ozna\u010duje aj ako vedeck\u00e1 v\u00fdchova, alebo v\u00fdchova poznania. Te\u00f3riou rozumovej v\u00fdchovy je didaktika, ktor\u00fa tie\u017e definujeme ako te\u00f3riu vyu\u010dovania a\u00a0vzdel\u00e1vania. Didaktika b\u00fdva zara\u010fovan\u00e1 v\u00a0pr\u00edprave u\u010dite\u013eov medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi povinn\u00fdmi predmetmi. Obsah rozumovej v\u00fdchovy tvor\u00ed: rozvoj zmyslov\u00e9ho poznania, osvojovanie vedomost\u00ed a\u00a0sk\u00fasenost\u00ed, rozvoj myslenia a\u00a0re\u010di, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1350","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1350","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1350"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1350\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1498,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1350\/revisions\/1498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1350"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}