{"id":1354,"date":"2023-02-26T08:32:35","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T07:32:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1354"},"modified":"2023-02-26T11:04:08","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T10:04:08","slug":"zaklady-pedagogiky-4-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/zaklady-pedagogiky-4-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1klady pedagogiky-4-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1354\" class=\"elementor elementor-1354\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2226eae elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"2226eae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4121b1e\" data-id=\"4121b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad92760 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad92760\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7b2341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7b2341\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0087dd1\" data-id=\"0087dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-256368f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"256368f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dedd719\" data-id=\"dedd719\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bba02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16bba02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017diak, vychov\u00e1van\u00fd<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03907ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03907ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u017diak <\/strong>je osobitn\u00fdm druhom <strong>edukanta<\/strong> (<strong>\u017eiak M\u0160, Z\u0160, S\u0160, \u017eiak auto\u0161koly, \u0161tudent V\u0160, posluch\u00e1\u010d, frekventant, \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk kurzu\u2026 <\/strong>bli\u017e\u0161ie pozri kap. 2.2 Modern\u00e9 pojmy pedagogiky). \u017diak je subjekt eduk\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fd je rovnako ako u\u010dite\u013e z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm \u010dinite\u013eom organizovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vacieho procesu realizovan\u00e9ho v\u00a0\u0161kolskom prostred\u00ed (Bal\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, \u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1, 2009). V\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0aktu\u00e1lne platn\u00fdm \u0161kolsk\u00fdm z\u00e1konom (Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 245\/2008 Z. z.) ide o\u00a0ozna\u010denie typick\u00e9 pre die\u0165a, ktor\u00e9 nav\u0161tevuje z\u00e1kladn\u00fa alebo stredn\u00fa \u0161kolu. Ozna\u010denie \u0161tudent je typick\u00e9 pre \u0161tuduj\u00facich na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rozvoj osobnosti \u017eiaka, vychov\u00e1van\u00e9ho prebieha pod vplyvom mnoh\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme rozdeli\u0165 do dvoch skup\u00edn: 1. vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 (biologicko-psychologick\u00e9) a\u00a02. vonkaj\u0161ie (soci\u00e1lne). Treba v\u0161ak zd\u00f4razni\u0165 ich vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa podmienenos\u0165, ke\u010f\u017ee sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na komplexnom, glob\u00e1lnom procese, v\u00fdsledkom ktor\u00e9ho je utv\u00e1ranie \u010dloveka ako indiv\u00eddua.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Tabu\u013eka 1 <\/strong>\u010cinitele formovania osobnosti<\/p><table width=\"604\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"604\"><p><strong>Faktory utv\u00e1rania a rozvoja osobnosti \u010dloveka<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"604\"><p><strong>Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 (endog\u00e9nne) faktory:<\/strong><\/p><p>somatick\u00e9 (telesn\u00e9) vlastnosti\u00a0 a vlastnosti zmyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1nov;<\/p><p>vlastnosti nervovej s\u00fastavy a\u00a0mozgu a i.;<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"604\"><p><strong>Vonkaj\u0161ie (exog\u00e9nne) faktory:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u017eivotn\u00e9 (soci\u00e1lne a\u00a0materi\u00e1lne) prostredie;<\/p><p>v\u00fdchova;<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zdroj: vlastn\u00e9 spracovanie autorky<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>Medzi <strong>vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 \u010dinitele <\/strong>formovania osobnosti zara\u010fujeme:<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dedi\u010dnos\u0165<\/strong> (\u010dlovek prich\u00e1dza na svet s\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdmi vroden\u00fdmi dispoz\u00edciami zdeden\u00fdmi z\u00a0rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho pokolenia), <strong>vrodenos\u0165<\/strong> (\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam ako dedi\u010dnos\u0165, zah\u0155\u0148a dispoz\u00edcie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa jednak zdeden\u00e9 a\u00a0tie, ktor\u00e9 vznikli po\u010das vn\u00fatromaternicov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvinu) a\u00a0<strong>\u010fal\u0161ie biologick\u00e9 determinanty<\/strong> (\u010dinnos\u0165 a\u00a0vlastnosti nervovej s\u00fastavy a\u00a0zmyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1nov; \u010dinnos\u0165 \u017eliaz s\u00a0vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm vylu\u010dovan\u00edm; rast organizmu; celkov\u00fd a\u00a0ment\u00e1lny telesn\u00fd rast; biologick\u00e9 potreby a\u00a0pudy; niektor\u00e9 defekty a\u00a0choroby (Kominarec, 2005). K\u00a0psychologick\u00fdm \u010dinite\u013eom by sme mohli zaradi\u0165 aj:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>temperament, \u0161trukt\u00fara a\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 kognit\u00edvnych (pozn\u00e1vac\u00edch) vlastnost\u00ed, \u0161trukt\u00fara a\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 inteligencie, prevl\u00e1daj\u00faci \u0161t\u00fdl u\u010denia<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>, kognit\u00edvny \u0161t\u00fdl<\/strong> (<strong>\u0161t\u00fdl u\u010denia<\/strong> je individu\u00e1lna charakteristika \u017eiaka a s\u00fa napr\u00edklad \u017eiaci, ktor\u00ed preferuj\u00fa u\u010denie naspam\u00e4\u0165, alebo tak\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa sna\u017eia u\u010divo rad\u0161ej logicky pochopi\u0165. Niektor\u00ed \u017eiaci si u\u010divo prepisuj\u00fa, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa si vlastn\u00e9 sch\u00e9my a\u00a0vlastn\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky, in\u00ed sa sna\u017eia n\u00e1js\u0165 \u010do najviac zdrojov a\u00a0z\u00a0nich sa nau\u010dia hotov\u00e9 poznatky apod. \u0160t\u00fdl u\u010denia m\u00e1 aj svoju motiva\u010dn\u00fa zlo\u017eku, preto\u017ee sa v\u00a0\u0148om odzrkad\u013euje aj postoj \u017eiaka k\u00a0u\u010deniu, \u0161trukt\u00fara jeho motiv\u00e1cie a\u00a0to, \u010do \u017eiak pova\u017euje za prvorad\u00e9. Preto \u0161t\u00fdl u\u010denia sa \u017eiaka je ve\u013emi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm faktorom ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facim priebeh v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vacieho procesu), <strong>\u0161trukt\u00fara a\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 afekt\u00edvnych vlastnost\u00ed <\/strong>(postoje, z\u00e1ujmy, potreby, motiv\u00e1cia, hodnoty) (Pokriv\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1, 2000).<\/li><\/ul><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\"><li>Medzi <strong>vonkaj\u0161ie \u010dinitele formovania osobnosti <\/strong>zara\u010fujeme predov\u0161etk\u00fdm <strong>vplyv prostredia<\/strong> a\u00a0<strong>v\u00fdchovy<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Z\u00a0h\u013eadiska v\u00fdchovn\u00e9ho prostredia ovplyv\u0148uje osobnos\u0165 <strong>rodina<\/strong> (z\u00a0mnoh\u00fdch faktorov s\u00favisiacich s\u00a0rodinn\u00fdm prostred\u00edm maj\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed vplyv: typol\u00f3gia rodiny, vek a\u00a0vzdelanie rodi\u010dov, materi\u00e1lne a kult\u00farne podmienky rodiny, n\u00e1zory rodi\u010dov na potrebu vzdel\u00e1vania, vz\u0165ah rodi\u010dov ku \u0161kole, do ktorej die\u0165a chod\u00ed, \u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy v\u00a0rodine a\u00a0denn\u00fd re\u017eim die\u0165a\u0165a a\u00a0jeho tr\u00e1venie vo\u013en\u00e9ho \u010dasu), <strong>\u0161kola<\/strong> (prevl\u00e1daj\u00faca kl\u00edma \u0161koly a\u00a0kl\u00edma triedy, materi\u00e1lna vybavenos\u0165 \u0161koly, vz\u0165ahy medzi u\u010dite\u013emi a\u00a0\u017eiakmi\u00a0 a\u00a0postavenie \u017eiaka v\u00a0triednom kolekt\u00edve, apod.),<strong> spolo\u010densk\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie, r\u00f4zne in\u0161tit\u00facie<\/strong> at\u010f. (bli\u017e\u0161ie pozri kapitola 5).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Rasa, etnick\u00e1 pr\u00edslu\u0161nos\u0165 a\u00a0pohlavie \u017eiaka <\/strong>a\u00a0ich vplyv s\u00fa pre s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa pedagogiku nerozrie\u0161en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom. Rozhodne v\u0161ak tieto \u0161pecifik\u00e1 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa osobnos\u0165 \u017eiaka, vychov\u00e1van\u00e9ho a\u00a0v\u00a0kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku priebeh a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vacieho procesu.<\/p><hr \/><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Napriek tomu, \u017ee v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti existuj\u00fa po\u010detn\u00e9 typol\u00f3gie a\u00a0modely \u0161t\u00fdlov, nie je jednoduch\u00e9 uvies\u0165 ich vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00faci preh\u013ead. V\u00a0odbornej literat\u00fare existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 a\u00a0pr\u00edstupy k\u00a0vymedzovaniu u\u010debn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fdlov. Vybran\u00e9 klasifik\u00e1cie s\u00fa napr.: <em>Pod\u013ea pr\u00edstupu k\u00a0u\u010deniu:<strong> 1. \u201ePovrchov\u00fd pr\u00edstup k\u00a0u\u010deniu<\/strong><\/em> (<em>pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 typy<\/em>), <strong><em>2. H\u013abkov\u00fd pr\u00edstup k\u00a0u\u010deniu <\/em><\/strong><em>(my\u0161lienkov\u00e9 typy); Pod\u013ea zmyslov\u00fdch preferenci\u00ed<\/em>: <strong><em>VARK<\/em><\/strong> (visual = vizu\u00e1lny, zrakov\u00fd typ \u2013 aural = audit\u00edvny, sluchov\u00fd typ \u2013 read\/write = verb\u00e1lny, slovno\/pojmov\u00fd typ \u2013 kinesthetic = hmatov\u00fd a\u00a0pohybov\u00fd typ); <em>Pod\u013ea preva\u017euj\u00facich typov inteligencie<\/em>: <strong>lingvistick\u00e1 (jazykov\u00e1), logicko-matematick\u00e1, priestorov\u00e1, telesno-kinestetick\u00e1 (pohybov\u00e1), muzik\u00e1lna, interperson\u00e1lna a intraperson\u00e1lna<\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY \u017diak, vychov\u00e1van\u00fd \u017diak je osobitn\u00fdm druhom edukanta (\u017eiak M\u0160, Z\u0160, S\u0160, \u017eiak auto\u0161koly, \u0161tudent V\u0160, posluch\u00e1\u010d, frekventant, \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk kurzu\u2026 bli\u017e\u0161ie pozri kap. 2.2 Modern\u00e9 pojmy pedagogiky). \u017diak je subjekt eduk\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fd je rovnako ako u\u010dite\u013e z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm \u010dinite\u013eom organizovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vacieho procesu realizovan\u00e9ho v\u00a0\u0161kolskom prostred\u00ed (Bal\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, \u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1, 2009). V\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0aktu\u00e1lne platn\u00fdm \u0161kolsk\u00fdm z\u00e1konom (Z\u00e1kon \u010d. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1354","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1354"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1516,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1354\/revisions\/1516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}