{"id":1358,"date":"2023-02-26T08:33:47","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T07:33:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1358"},"modified":"2023-02-26T11:43:44","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T10:43:44","slug":"zaklady-pedagogiky-5-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/zaklady-pedagogiky-5-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1klady pedagogiky-5-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1358\" class=\"elementor elementor-1358\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b257010 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"b257010\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-628d2a4\" data-id=\"628d2a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5afaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f5afaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7b2341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7b2341\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0087dd1\" data-id=\"0087dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-256368f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"256368f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dedd719\" data-id=\"dedd719\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bba02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16bba02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prostredie rodiny a v\u00fdchova v rodine<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03907ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03907ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harmonick\u00e9 rodinn\u00e9 prostredie predstavuje pre \u010dloveka nielen z\u00e1klad\u0148u pre jeho s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd \u017eivot, ale m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 i \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot die\u0165a\u0165a v\u00a0bud\u00facnosti.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Rodina<\/strong> je prvou, z\u00e1kladnou a\u00a0najprirodzenej\u0161ou spolo\u010denskou a v\u00fdchovnou in\u0161tit\u00faciou, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed na die\u0165a od jeho narodenia. S\u00a0v\u00fdvojom spolo\u010dnosti str\u00e1cala rodina viacero tradi\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, ale zachovala si <strong>z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 znaky, <\/strong>ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa:<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>rodina je spolo\u010densky schv\u00e1len\u00e1 forma trval\u00e9ho spolu\u017eitia,<\/li><li>rodina sa sklad\u00e1 z\u00a0os\u00f4b navz\u00e1jom spojen\u00fdch t\u00fdm, \u010do vl\u00e1dnuci zvyk uzn\u00e1va za zv\u00e4zky krvi, man\u017eelstva alebo adopcie,<\/li><li>\u010dlenovia rodiny oby\u010dajne b\u00fdvaj\u00fa pod jednou strechou,<\/li><li>\u010dlenovia rodiny spolupracuj\u00fa medzi sebou v\u00a0r\u00e1mci spolo\u010densky uzn\u00e1vanej de\u013eby \u00faloh, pri\u010dom jedna z\u00a0najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch \u00faloh tejto spolupr\u00e1ce je v\u00fd\u017eiva a\u00a0v\u00fdchova det\u00ed.<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kladn\u00e9 rodinn\u00e9 prostredie<\/strong> utv\u00e1ra pevn\u00fa citov\u00fa v\u00e4zbu rodiny, podporuje \u00fasilie navz\u00e1jom si sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 rados\u0165 a pom\u00e1ha\u0165 si, pri\u010dom die\u0165a nem\u00e1 pocit obmedzovania vlastnej slobody.\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Opakom je <strong>rodinn\u00e9 prostredie s negat\u00edvnou charakteristikou<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 nem\u00f4\u017ee ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 v\u00fdvin die\u0165a\u0165a priazniv\u00fdm smerom.\u00a0Die\u0165a za\u010dne poci\u0165ova\u0165 ned\u00f4veru vo\u010di svojim rodi\u010dom, ale aj ostatn\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom.\u00a0Nem\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 osvoji\u0165 si vhodn\u00fd soci\u00e1lny model spr\u00e1vania.\u00a0Pri opakovan\u00fdch rozporoch medzi t\u00fdm, \u010do sa de\u0165om k\u00e1\u017ee a t\u00fdm, \u010do odpozoruj\u00fa z rodiny, doch\u00e1dza k ne\u017eiaducim situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m, v ktor\u00fdch je die\u0165a traumatizovan\u00e9 a nenach\u00e1dza z nich v\u00fdchodisko.\u00a0Rodiny pln\u00e9 konfliktov a nedorozumen\u00ed nepriamo ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa proces citov\u00e9ho a\u00a0soci\u00e1lneho dozrievania die\u0165a\u0165a.\u00a0Za nevhodn\u00fa nepova\u017eujeme len rodinu pln\u00fa konfliktov, patologick\u00fa a rozveden\u00fa, ale aj tak\u00fa, ktor\u00e1 navonok funguje norm\u00e1lne, ale nedok\u00e1\u017ee citovo uspokoji\u0165 svojich \u010dlenov. Die\u0165a pre svoj v\u00fdvin potrebuje obidvoch rodi\u010dov.\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdchovn\u00e9 prejavy a postoje k die\u0165a\u0165u z\u00e1visia od typu rodinnej v\u00fdchovy a vzh\u013eadom na ur\u010dit\u00e9 charakteristiky rodinn\u00e9ho prostredia a rodinnej atmosf\u00e9ry hovor\u00edme o typol\u00f3gii rodinn\u00e9ho prostredia a typol\u00f3gii rodinnej v\u00fdchovy.\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Rodinu<\/strong> ako skupinu m\u00f4\u017eeme \u010dleni\u0165 na viacer\u00e9 <strong>typy.<\/strong> Bako\u0161ov\u00e1 (2005) uv\u00e1dza delenie rodiny z\u00a0nasledovn\u00fdch h\u013ead\u00edsk:<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>Pod\u013ea \u00faplnosti jej \u010dlenov<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>\u00fapln\u00e1 rodina<\/strong> \u2013 tvoria ju obaja rodi\u010dia a\u00a0aspo\u0148 jedno die\u0165a. Del\u00edme ju na :<\/li><\/ol><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>harmonick\u00fa (dobr\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy medzi rodi\u010dmi a\u00a0de\u0165mi) \u2013 v\u00a0literat\u00fare n\u00e1jdeme aj ozna\u010denia zdrav\u00e1, funk\u010dn\u00e1, norm\u00e1lna, neklinick\u00e1 rodina,<\/li><li>konsolidovan\u00fa (v minulosti sa v\u00a0rodine vyskytol probl\u00e9m, ale u\u017e nedoch\u00e1dza k\u00a0poruch\u00e1m vo v\u00fdchove),<\/li><li>disharmonick\u00fa (naru\u0161en\u00e1, \u010diasto\u010dne nefunk\u010dn\u00e1, rozvr\u00e1ten\u00e1), resp. dysfunk\u010dn\u00e1 rodina,<\/li><li>doplnen\u00fa.<\/li><\/ul><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>ne\u00fapln\u00e1 rodina<\/strong> \u2013 tvor\u00ed tu jeden rodi\u010d s\u00a0die\u0165a\u0165om alebo viacer\u00fdmi de\u0165mi, \u010di bezdetn\u00e1 rodina. M\u00f4\u017ee vznikn\u00fa\u0165 v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku \u00famrtia jedn\u00e9ho rodi\u010da, rozvodu, odchodu jedn\u00e9ho z\u00a0partnerov, rozhodnutia \u017eeny zosta\u0165 slobodnou matkou.<\/li><\/ol><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>Pod\u013ea \u0161pecifick\u00fdch pr\u00edznakov: <\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>rodinu, v\u00a0ktorej sa p\u00e1cha n\u00e1silie,<\/li><li>rodinu, v\u00a0ktorej jeden \u010dlen rodiny je chor\u00fd,<\/li><li>rodinu, v\u00a0ktorej jeden \u010dlen je alkoholik a\u00a0\u010fal\u0161ie.<\/li><\/ol><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>Pod\u013ea etnickej odli\u0161nosti <\/strong>s\u00fa napr. rodiny:<\/li><\/ol><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>ute\u010deneck\u00e9,<\/li><li>r\u00f3mske.<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0literat\u00fare sa tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017eeme stretn\u00fa\u0165 s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm <strong>klinick\u00e1 rodina<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje typ rodiny so\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/slovnik-cizich-slov.abz.cz\/web.php\/slovo\/specificky\"><em>\u0161pecifick\u00fdmi<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/slovnik-cizich-slov.abz.cz\/web.php\/slovo\/problem\"><em>probl\u00e9mami<\/em><\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0potrebami, je ohrozen\u00e1 vadami a poruchami v\u00a0plnen\u00ed svojich z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch\u00a0funkci\u00ed a preto \u010dasto vy\u017eaduje odborn\u00fa pomoc (napr. psychologick\u00fa, pedagogick\u00fa,\u00a0soci\u00e1lnu, zdravotn\u00edcku). Ide\u00a0 napr. o rozveden\u00fdch partnerov, alebo rozpadnut\u00fa rodinu, rodinu so zanedb\u00e1van\u00fdm, t\u00fdran\u00fdm, zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm \u010dlenom, rodinu so z\u00e1visl\u00fdm \u010dlenom apod.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rodina pln\u00ed nieko\u013eko funkci\u00ed a pod\u013ea Vi\u0161\u0148ovsk\u00e9ho (1998, s. 198 &#8211; 199) je potrebn\u00e9 uva\u017eova\u0165 najm\u00e4 o\u00a0nasledovn\u00fdch <strong>funkci\u00e1ch rodiny<\/strong>:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li><strong>Biologick\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 patr\u00ed k\u00a0najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm funkci\u00e1m rodiny. Prejavuje sa v\u00a0reproduk\u010dnej funkcii \u2013 zabezpe\u010duje sa \u0148ou pokra\u010dovanie rodu.<\/li><li><strong>Emocion\u00e1lna <\/strong>\u2013 prejavuje sa vo vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch medzi \u010dlenmi rodiny, ktor\u00e9 \u00fazko s\u00favisia s\u00a0emocion\u00e1lnymi.<\/li><li><strong>Ekonomick\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 zabezpe\u010denie materi\u00e1lnych a\u00a0existen\u010dn\u00fdch potrieb.<\/li><li><strong>V\u00fdchovn\u00e1 a\u00a0vzdel\u00e1vacia funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 je ve\u013emi v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 z\u00a0h\u013eadiska socializ\u00e1cie a\u00a0utv\u00e1rania n\u00e1vykov, zvykov.<\/li><li><strong>Psychohygienick\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 zabezpe\u010duje upev\u0148ovanie psychick\u00e9ho a fyzick\u00e9ho zdravia svojich \u010dlenov.<\/li><li><strong>Ochrann\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 spo\u010d\u00edva v\u00a0ochrane zdravia det\u00ed, ale aj v\u00a0ich ochrane pred soci\u00e1lnopatologick\u00fdmi javmi.<\/li><li><strong>Socializa\u010dn\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 osvojenie re\u010di, mravn\u00fdch a\u00a0kult\u00farnych hodn\u00f4t a\u00a0noriem spolo\u010dnosti, soci\u00e1lnych rol, vz\u0165ahov. Socializ\u00e1ciou rozumieme osvojovanie soci\u00e1lnych \u00faloh a postupn\u00e9 v\u010dle\u0148ovanie sa do spolo\u010dnosti.<\/li><li><strong>Rekrea\u010dn\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> \u2013 vytv\u00e1ranie pr\u00edjemn\u00e9ho, tepl\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161ia domova, miesto pre oddych, uspokojovanie z\u00e1ujmov, regener\u00e1ciu s\u00edl.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cinitele vpl\u00fdvaj\u00face na existenciu rodiny a\u00a0pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 nap\u013a\u0148anie jednotliv\u00fdch jej funkci\u00ed s\u00fa napr\u00edklad zdravotn\u00fd stav \u010dlenov rodiny, fyzick\u00e1 zrelos\u0165 rodi\u010dov, ekonomick\u00e9 a\u00a0materi\u00e1lne podmienky, soci\u00e1lne prostredie, sexu\u00e1lna zhoda partnerov apod.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V\u00fdchova v\u00a0ka\u017edej rodine<\/strong> je rozdielna. \u010cinitele, ktor\u00e9 vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa na realiz\u00e1ciu v\u00fdchovnej funkcie konkr\u00e9tnej rodiny mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 do troch skup\u00edn:<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>demografick\u00e9 (vek rodi\u010dov, ve\u013ekos\u0165 rodiny, rozvodovos\u0165, zamestnanos\u0165 rodi\u010dov),<\/li><li>ekonomick\u00e9 (finan\u010dn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denie),<\/li><li>kult\u00farne (vzdelanie rodi\u010dov, kult\u00farna \u00farove\u0148 rodi\u010dov, vyu\u017e\u00edvanie vo\u013en\u00e9ho \u010dasu).<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre rodinn\u00fa v\u00fdchovu je charakteristick\u00e1 emocionalita, vytv\u00e1ranie pocitu bezpe\u010dnosti, istoty, \u00faprimnosti a\u00a0l\u00e1sky. Po\u017eiadavky na efekt\u00edvnu v\u00fdchovu v\u00a0rodine s\u00fa: <em>dobr\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy medzi \u010dlenmi rodiny, pozit\u00edvny osobn\u00fd pr\u00edklad dospel\u00fdch, emocionalita vz\u0165ahov v rodine, primeran\u00fd re\u017eim d\u0148a, spolupr\u00e1ca so \u0161kolou, jednota po\u017eiadaviek rodi\u010dov, prisp\u00f4sobenie v\u00fdchovy veku a\u00a0individualite det\u00ed, primeran\u00e9 tresty a\u00a0odmeny<\/em>. <em>Ve\u013ekos\u0165 rodiny <\/em>m\u00e1 tie\u017e vplyv na plnenie v\u00fdchovnej funkcie, ke\u010f\u017ee je rozdiel \u010di ide o\u00a0rodinu s\u00a0jedin\u00e1\u010dikom alebo sa jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0mnohopo\u010detn\u00fa rodinu. Napr. Davie (pod\u013ea Fontana, 2003) zistil svoj\u00edm v\u00fdskumom, \u017ee deti z\u00a0v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch rod\u00edn pod\u00e1vaj\u00fa hor\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon v\u00a0\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed, po\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed, re\u010dov\u00fdch zru\u010dnostiach a\u00a0tvorivosti ne\u017e jedin\u00e1\u010dikovia alebo deti s\u00a0jedn\u00fdm, \u010di dvoma s\u00farodencami. Autor \u010falej zistil, \u017ee v\u00a0rodine najviac str\u00e1da najstar\u0161ie die\u0165a, zrejme kv\u00f4li tomu, \u017ee s prib\u00fadaj\u00facimi \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi mlad\u0161\u00edmi s\u00farodencami sa mus\u00ed ten najstar\u0161\u00ed stara\u0165 st\u00e1le viac s\u00e1m o\u00a0seba. U\u010dite\u013e v\u00a0\u0161kole samozrejme nem\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165 rodiny, ale m\u00e1 si t\u00fato skuto\u010dnos\u0165 uvedomi\u0165 a\u00a0sna\u017ei\u0165 sa s\u0165a\u017een\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu t\u00fdmto de\u0165om \u010do najviac u\u013eah\u010di\u0165. Deti z\u00a0ve\u013ek\u00fdch rod\u00edn m\u00e1vaj\u00fa tie\u017e siln\u00fd sklon dom\u00e1ha\u0165 sa u\u010dite\u013eovej pozornosti, aby si vynahradili nedostatok pozornosti dospel\u00fdch doma.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdchova v\u00a0ka\u017edej rodine je v\u00fdrazne individu\u00e1lna s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm r\u00f4znych <strong>\u0161t\u00fdlov v\u00fdchovy<\/strong>. V\u00a0odbornej literat\u00fare sa m\u00f4\u017eeme stretn\u00fa\u0165 s\u00a0nasledovn\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00fdlmi v\u00fdchovy die\u0165a\u0165a v\u00a0rodine:<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>a) autokratick\u00fd (autoritat\u00edvny, dominantn\u00fd),<\/li><li>b) liber\u00e1lny,<\/li><li>c) soci\u00e1lne integra\u010dn\u00fd (demokratick\u00fd) \u0161t\u00fdl.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010eal\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fdly v\u00fdchovy uv\u00e1dza aj Bako\u0161ov\u00e1 (2005):<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>\u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy zalo\u017een\u00fd na pr\u00edkazoch a\u00a0z\u00e1kazoch,<\/li><li>\u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy zalo\u017een\u00fd na ochra\u0148ovan\u00ed,<\/li><li>\u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy, ktor\u00fdm\u00a0 rodi\u010dia vkladaj\u00fa svoje nesplnen\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny do det\u00ed,<\/li><li>\u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy zalo\u017een\u00fd na perfekcionizmu,<\/li><li>\u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy zalo\u017een\u00fd na ned\u00f4slednosti,<\/li><li>optim\u00e1lny \u0161t\u00fdl v\u00fdchovy,<\/li><li>humanistick\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl rodinnej v\u00fdchovy.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0nespr\u00e1vne prvky a\u00a0\u0161t\u00fdly v\u00fdchovy <\/strong>uv\u00e1dza Prevend\u00e1rov\u00e1 (1996):<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>protichodnos\u0165 po\u017eiadaviek rodi\u010dov,<\/li><li>s\u00fastavn\u00e9 kritizovanie die\u0165a\u0165a,<\/li><li>citovo chladn\u00fd postoj k\u00a0nemu, alebo naopak rozmazn\u00e1vanie,<\/li><li>extr\u00e9mne vysok\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky na die\u0165a, alebo naopak, \u00fapln\u00e1 vo\u013enos\u0165,<\/li><li>pripom\u00ednanie rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1sluh,<\/li><li>zanedb\u00e1vanie rodi\u010dovskej v\u00fdchovy,<\/li><li>neprip\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie samostatnosti a\u00a0obmedzovanie die\u0165a\u0165a,<\/li><li>preferovanie niektor\u00e9ho z\u00a0det\u00ed, d\u00e1vanie s\u00farodenca za vzor,<\/li><li>\u201epredpl\u00e1canie\u201c det\u00ed,<\/li><li>nepriate\u013esk\u00fd, agres\u00edvny postoj k\u00a0die\u0165a\u0165u.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0ka\u017edom historickom obdob\u00ed je potrebn\u00e9 v\u00a0rodine vychov\u00e1va\u0165 deti k\u00a0hodnot\u00e1m l\u00e1sky, slu\u0161nosti, \u00facty, tolerancie, priate\u013estva, solidarity, dobra a\u00a0v tomto zmysle m\u00e1 v\u00fdchova v\u00a0rodine rozv\u00edja\u0165:<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>vz\u0165ah k\u00a0sebe sam\u00e9mu,<\/li><li>vz\u0165ah k\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti, k\u00a0\u013eu\u010fom, k\u00a0rodine,<\/li><li>vz\u0165ah k\u00a0pr\u00edrode (Bako\u0161ov\u00e1, 2008).<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0pr\u00edpade ak rodina nepln\u00ed svoje funkcie a\u00a0nie je schopn\u00e1 stara\u0165 sa o\u00a0deti alebo rodina sa rozpadla, pr\u00edpadne v\u00f4bec nevznikla, rozli\u0161ujeme r\u00f4zne <strong>formy n\u00e1hradnej rodinnej starostlivosti, <\/strong>ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa:<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>\u00dastavn\u00e1 starostlivos\u0165 v\u00a0Centr\u00e1ch pre deti a\u00a0rodiny (hovorovo detsk\u00e9 domovy).<\/li><li>Pest\u00fanska starostlivos\u0165 (vy\u017eivovaciu povinnos\u0165 m\u00e1 biologick\u00fd rodi\u010d alebo \u0161t\u00e1t).<\/li><li>N\u00e1hradn\u00e1 osobn\u00e1 starostlivos\u0165 (v minulosti sa ozna\u010dovala za pest\u00fansku pr\u00edbuzensk\u00fa starostlivos\u0165).<\/li><li>Osvojenie die\u0165a\u0165a (adopcia).<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bizov\u00e1 (2015) uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee v star\u0161ej odbornej literat\u00fare sa <strong>osvojenie<\/strong> ozna\u010duje ako adopcia. Je to historicky najstar\u0161ia forma n\u00e1hradnej starostlivosti, ktor\u00e1 vytv\u00e1ra medzi osvojite\u013emi a osvojencom rovnak\u00fd rodinno-pr\u00e1vny vz\u0165ah, ak\u00fd je medzi rodi\u010dmi a de\u0165mi. <strong>Pri pest\u00fanskej starostlivosti<\/strong> rodi\u010dia die\u0165a\u0165a nie s\u00fa pozbaven\u00ed rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a m\u00f4\u017eu ich vykon\u00e1va\u0165 v rozsahu ur\u010denom s\u00fadom. Die\u0165a preto m\u00e1 priezvisko biologick\u00fdch rodi\u010dov a nem\u00f4\u017ee ho zmeni\u0165. V praxi sa vyskytli pr\u00edpady, ke\u010f die\u0165a na vlastn\u00fa \u017eiados\u0165 z\u00edskalo priezvisko pest\u00fanov po dosiahnut\u00ed plnoletosti. Pest\u00fani zastupuj\u00fa z\u00e1ujmy die\u0165a\u0165a iba v be\u017en\u00fdch veciach, pri v\u0161etk\u00fdch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch rozhodnutiach, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa napr\u00edklad chirurgick\u00fd z\u00e1krok, prihl\u00e1\u0161ka na stredn\u00fa \u0161kolu a pod., za die\u0165a rozhoduj\u00fa rodi\u010dia. Ak by rodi\u010dia rozhodovali v neprospech die\u0165a\u0165a, pest\u00fani m\u00f4\u017eu po\u017eiada\u0165 s\u00fad o prehodnotenie v\u00fdkonu rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona o rodine rodi\u010dia maj\u00fa pr\u00e1vo stret\u00e1va\u0165 sa so svoj\u00edm die\u0165a\u0165om. V praxi v\u0161ak toto pr\u00e1vo sp\u00f4sobuje viacero probl\u00e9mov. Vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee die\u0165a bolo odobrat\u00e9 od rodi\u010dov na z\u00e1klade v\u00e1\u017enych d\u00f4vodov, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie zanedbanie v\u00fdchovy a ohrozenie v\u00fdvinu die\u0165a\u0165a, stretnutia s rodi\u010dmi a sporadick\u00e9 pobyty u rodi\u010dov maj\u00fa \u010dasto na die\u0165a negat\u00edvny vplyv. <strong>N\u00e1hradn\u00fa osobn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165 <\/strong>z odborn\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska mo\u017eno ozna\u010di\u0165 za <u>typ pest\u00fanskej starostlivosti<\/u>, ke\u010f\u017ee sa od nej odli\u0161uje iba v tom, \u017ee sa o die\u0165a staraj\u00fa pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed. Do n\u00e1hradnej osobnej starostlivosti sa die\u0165a zveruje pokrvn\u00fdm pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie star\u00fdm rodi\u010dom, str\u00fdkom, krstn\u00fdm rodi\u010dom at\u010f. Podmienky vzniku a z\u00e1niku n\u00e1hradnej osobnej starostlivosti vymedzuje <em>z\u00e1kon \u010d. 36\/2005 Z. z. o\u00a0rodine.<\/em> <strong>In\u0161titucion\u00e1lna starostlivos\u0165<\/strong>, legislat\u00edvne ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 ako \u00fastavn\u00e1, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nariaden\u00e1 iba vtedy, ak die\u0165a nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 umiestni\u0165 do niektorej z foriem n\u00e1hradnej rodinnej starostlivosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY Prostredie rodiny a v\u00fdchova v rodine Harmonick\u00e9 rodinn\u00e9 prostredie predstavuje pre \u010dloveka nielen z\u00e1klad\u0148u pre jeho s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd \u017eivot, ale m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 i \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot die\u0165a\u0165a v\u00a0bud\u00facnosti. Rodina je prvou, z\u00e1kladnou a\u00a0najprirodzenej\u0161ou spolo\u010denskou a v\u00fdchovnou in\u0161tit\u00faciou, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed na die\u0165a od jeho narodenia. S\u00a0v\u00fdvojom spolo\u010dnosti str\u00e1cala rodina viacero tradi\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, ale zachovala si z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1358","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1358"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1556,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1358\/revisions\/1556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}