{"id":1374,"date":"2023-02-26T08:38:34","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T07:38:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1374"},"modified":"2023-02-26T11:10:19","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T10:10:19","slug":"zaklady-pedagogiky-4-1-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/zaklady-pedagogiky-4-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1klady pedagogiky-4-1-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pr\u00edbehy vl\u010d\u00edch det\u00ed a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 deti alebo ktor\u00e9 determinanty maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed vplyv na rozvoj osobnosti?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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D\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia s\u00fa\u010dasne vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch aj\u00a0vonkaj\u0161\u00edch \u010dinite\u013eov a v\u00fdchovy na rozvoj osobnosti mo\u017eno dokladova\u0165 aj na pr\u00edklade tzv. \u201evl\u010d\u00edch det\u00ed\u201c. Pojem \u201evl\u010die deti\u201c je zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v sociol\u00f3gii a psychol\u00f3gii. Ozna\u010denie sa vz\u0165ahuje na deti, ktor\u00e9 \u017eili v extr\u00e9mnych podmienkach soci\u00e1lnej izol\u00e1cie, bez kontaktu s \u013eu\u010fmi. V minulosti ale n\u00e1zvom \u201evl\u010die deti\u201c boli skuto\u010dne ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 deti vyrastaj\u00face spolo\u010dne s vlkmi, alebo in\u00fdmi zvieratami. Viacer\u00e9 pr\u00edpady det\u00ed odchovan\u00fdch vlkmi, \u010di inou zverou sa odohrali nielen v mytol\u00f3gii. Z ostatn\u00fdch dvoch storo\u010d\u00ed boli zaznamenan\u00e9 vierohodn\u00e9 pr\u00edpady tak\u00fdchto det\u00ed. Deti skuto\u010dne \u017eili spolu so zvieratami, k\u00fdm ich nena\u0161li \u013eudia a pok\u00fasili sa ich civilizova\u0165. Neboli v\u0161ak schopn\u00e9 prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie \u013eudskej spolo\u010dnosti a po kr\u00e1tkom \u010dase spravidla zomreli. Deti, ktor\u00e9 boli v ranom veku straten\u00e9 a pre\u017eili nieko\u013eko rokov medzi zvieratami, sa po objaven\u00ed u\u017e nikdy nenau\u010dili rozpr\u00e1va\u0165, hoci sluch mali v poriadku. Pre v\u00fdvin re\u010di existuje kritick\u00e9 obdobie (Fontana, 2003). Ak sa \u010dlovek nenau\u010d\u00ed v\u00a0ranom obdob\u00ed do 8 \u2013 9 roku \u017eivota rozpr\u00e1va\u0165, nenau\u010d\u00ed sa to nikdy. D\u00f4kazom s\u00fa pr\u00e1ve vl\u010die deti.<\/p>

Zn\u00e1me s\u00fa napr. spr\u00e1vy o\u00a0indick\u00fdch sestr\u00e1ch Amala a\u00a0Kamala, n\u00e1jden\u00fdch v\u00a0roku 1920. Sestry boli n\u00e1jden\u00e9 vo vl\u010dom brlohu, behali po \u0161tyroch, vr\u010dali,\u00a0cerili zuby a\u00a0vyd\u00e1vali \u0161kreky. Mlad\u0161ia Amala zomrela asi po roku \u017eivota v\u00a0\u00fatulku. Kamala sa po \u00f4smich rokoch za\u010dala dorozumieva\u0165 jednoduch\u00fdmi vetami, nau\u010dila sa chodi\u0165 vzpriamene, oblieka\u0165 sa, jes\u0165 zmie\u0161an\u00fa stravu, ale v\u00a0roku 1929 tie\u017e zomrela. Osud kalifornsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdran\u00e9ho diev\u010datka Genie sa tie\u017e zmenil po tom, \u010do sa jej v\u00a0roku 1970 podarilo utiec\u0165 od tyransk\u00e9ho otca, ktor\u00fd ju dr\u017eal izolovan\u00fa v\u00a0zajat\u00ed. Od svojich 20 mesiacov \u017eivota a\u017e do 13 rokov sa die\u0165a nedostalo medzi \u013eud\u00ed a\u00a0diev\u010da nemalo \u013eudsk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, nebola schopn\u00e1 st\u00e1\u0165 ani beha\u0165, postupne sa v\u0161ak nau\u010dila jes\u0165, osvojila si hygienick\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky a\u00a0nechala sa oblieka\u0165. Jazyk v\u0161ak nikdy nezvl\u00e1dla lep\u0161ie, ne\u017e na \u00farovni troj a\u017e \u0161tvorro\u010dn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a (Svobodov\u00e1, \u0160mahelov\u00e1, 2007). Uveden\u00e9 pr\u00edpady s\u00fa iba ilustr\u00e1ciou pr\u00edbehov vl\u010d\u00edch det\u00ed, ke\u010f\u017ee podobn\u00fdch zdokumentovan\u00fdch pr\u00edpadov bolo v\u00a0hist\u00f3rii viacero.<\/p>

V ka\u017edom z pr\u00edpadov vl\u010d\u00edch det\u00ed psychol\u00f3govia potvrdili n\u00edzku ment\u00e1lnu \u00farove\u0148. Zme\u0161kan\u00e9 \u0161ance v socializ\u00e1cii postihuj\u00fa du\u0161evn\u00fa i telesn\u00fa str\u00e1nku a zni\u017euj\u00fa vek, ak\u00e9ho sa tieto deti do\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa. Ke\u010f s\u00fa tak\u00e9to deti \u201evytrhnut\u00e9\u201c zo svojho zvieracieho prostredia, \u010dasto nevydr\u017eia \u0161ok z nov\u00e9ho okolia a zakr\u00e1tko umieraj\u00fa.<\/p>

In\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom d\u00f4le\u017eitosti vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia podnetn\u00e9ho prostredia a\u00a0vn\u00fatornej determin\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pr\u00edbehy talentovan\u00fdch, geni\u00e1lnych tzv. z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdch det\u00ed. Typick\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a b\u00fdva uv\u00e1dzan\u00fd W. A. Mozart, ktor\u00fd hral na husliach a\u00a0klav\u00edri u\u017e ako trojro\u010dn\u00fd. Ke\u010f mal \u0161es\u0165 rokov, spolu s otcom a so sestrou M\u00e1riou Annou (ktor\u00e1 bola tie\u017e u\u017e ako osemro\u010dn\u00e1 klav\u00edrnou virtu\u00f3zkou) sa vydali na dlh\u00e9 turn\u00e9 po Eur\u00f3pe. Bol by v\u0161ak Mozart geni\u00e1lnym hudobn\u00edkom a\u00a0skladate\u013eom ak by sa nenarodil do rodiny otca Johanna Georga Leopolda Mozarta, takisto skvel\u00e9ho hudobn\u00edka?<\/p>

Podobne je tomu aj pri in\u00fdch vroden\u00fdch vloh\u00e1ch, kde napr\u00edklad pri pohybovom talente je nevyhnutn\u00fd aj premyslen\u00fd a\u00a0spr\u00e1vny tr\u00e9ning k\u00a0dosiahnutiu svetov\u00fdch rekordov. Na druhej strane keby n\u00e1m ktoko\u013evek poskytol ak\u00fdko\u013evek tr\u00e9ning, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z\u00a0n\u00e1s by nebola schopn\u00e1 tento rekord prekona\u0165, preto\u017ee sme k\u00a0tomu nezdedili potrebn\u00fa fyziol\u00f3giu (Fontana, 2003).<\/p>

Nech u\u017e ide o\u00a0deti nadan\u00e9 akouko\u013evek vrodenou vlohou, pokia\u013e im prostredie, v\u00a0ktorom vyrastaj\u00fa neposkytne nevyhnutn\u00e9 podmienky na jej rozvoj, je im t\u00e1to vloha m\u00e1lo platn\u00e1. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed sa sna\u017e\u00ed dosiahnu\u0165 dokonalos\u0165 vo svojej profesion\u00e1lnej oblasti \u2013 niektor\u00ed dosahuj\u00fa vrchol svojej kari\u00e9ry v dospelosti<\/a>, ale in\u00ed s\u00fa nato\u013eko talentovan\u00ed, \u017ee v detstve niekedy prevy\u0161uj\u00fa dospel\u00fdch. Pod\u013ea dlhoro\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov sa 1 % a\u017e 5 % det\u00ed na celom svete rod\u00ed s vlohami g\u00e9nia, ale len stotina nadan\u00fdch sa im dar\u00ed prejavova\u0165 do dospelosti. D\u00f4vody spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00fa v\u00a0mno\u017estve \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u010dinite\u013eov, ktor\u00e9 v\u00a0priebehu v\u00fdvinu jednotlivca na neho vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa (napr. motiv\u00e1cia, v\u00f4\u013ea, soci\u00e1lne prostredie, materi\u00e1lne zabezpe\u010denie, vplyv v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed apod.). \u00a0Pr\u00edklady neobvykl\u00fdch pr\u00edpadov v\u00a0popul\u00e1cii, ku ktor\u00fdm \u201ez\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 deti\u201c patria by neexistovali bez v\u00fdznamnej podpory celej spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e1 sa podie\u013ea na rozvoji g\u00e9nia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY Pr\u00edbehy vl\u010d\u00edch det\u00ed a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 deti alebo ktor\u00e9 determinanty maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed vplyv na rozvoj osobnosti? D\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia s\u00fa\u010dasne vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch aj\u00a0vonkaj\u0161\u00edch \u010dinite\u013eov a v\u00fdchovy na rozvoj osobnosti mo\u017eno dokladova\u0165 aj na pr\u00edklade tzv. \u201evl\u010d\u00edch det\u00ed\u201c. Pojem \u201evl\u010die deti\u201c je zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v sociol\u00f3gii a psychol\u00f3gii. Ozna\u010denie sa vz\u0165ahuje na deti, ktor\u00e9 \u017eili v […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1374","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1374"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1528,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1374\/revisions\/1528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}