{"id":1376,"date":"2023-02-26T08:39:33","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T07:39:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1376"},"modified":"2023-02-26T11:32:33","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T10:32:33","slug":"zaklady-pedagogiky-4-2-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/zaklady-pedagogiky-4-2-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1klady pedagogiky-4-2-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1376\" class=\"elementor elementor-1376\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a062cc elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"0a062cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90065cb\" data-id=\"90065cb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e5506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e5506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7b2341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7b2341\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0087dd1\" data-id=\"0087dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-256368f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"256368f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dedd719\" data-id=\"dedd719\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bba02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16bba02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Typol\u00f3gie osobnosti u\u010dite\u013ea<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03907ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03907ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fakt, \u017ee u\u010ditelia sa od seba navz\u00e1jom l\u00ed\u0161ia povahov\u00fdmi \u010drtami, osobnostn\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami, temperamentom apod., je v\u00a0pedagogickej praxi re\u00e1lnou skuto\u010dnos\u0165ou, \u010do dosved\u010duj\u00fa i\u00a0mnoh\u00e9 typol\u00f3gie u\u010dite\u013eov, dostupn\u00e9 v\u00a0dom\u00e1cej i\u00a0zahrani\u010dnej odbornej literat\u00fare. Tieto existuj\u00face odli\u0161nosti sa premietaj\u00fa i\u00a0do konkr\u00e9tnej vyu\u010dovacej a\u00a0v\u00fdchovnej \u010dinnosti. Neexistuje univerz\u00e1lny u\u010dite\u013e, ale rozli\u0161ujeme u\u010dite\u013eov sk\u00fasen\u00fdch, nesk\u00fasen\u00fdch, emot\u00edvnych, racion\u00e1lnych, dynamick\u00fdch a\u00a0m\u00e1lo v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch apod. Jedni dok\u00e1\u017eu vies\u0165 triedu pr\u00edkazmi, in\u00ed nemaj\u00fa vysok\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky na \u017eiakov. Toto v\u0161etko sa premieta do vyu\u010dovac\u00edch met\u00f3d a\u00a0m\u00e1 vplyv na stavbu a\u00a0priebeh vyu\u010dovacej hodiny a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 celkov\u00e9ho eduka\u010dn\u00e9ho procesu v\u00a0\u0161kol\u00e1ch (\u0160eben Za\u0165kov\u00e1, 2012).<\/p><p>Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie typol\u00f3gie, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face zo v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch psychologick\u00fdch delen\u00ed typov osobnosti, a\u00a0ktor\u00e1 je aplikovate\u013en\u00e1 aj na osobnos\u0165 u\u010dite\u013ea, patr\u00ed typol\u00f3gia pod\u013ea <strong>temperamentu: <\/strong>sangvinik, cholerik, flegmatik, melancholik. Charakteristika t\u00fdchto temperamentov sa osved\u010dila a\u00a0udr\u017eala po st\u00e1ro\u010dia a preto sa dnes ozna\u010duj\u00fa aj ako klasick\u00e9 temperamenty.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><strong>Sangvinik<\/strong> je du\u0161evne pohybliv\u00fd, \u017eiv\u00fd, m\u00e1 nest\u00e1lu povahu, r\u00fdchlo reaguje na udalosti.<\/li><li><strong>Cholerik<\/strong> je pohybliv\u00fd, prudk\u00fd, nepokojn\u00fd, v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd, \u0165a\u017eko sa vie ovl\u00e1da\u0165.<\/li><li><strong>Flegmatik<\/strong> m\u00e1 pokojn\u00fa, pomal\u00fa povahu, pomaly vznikaj\u00face a\u00a0m\u00e1lo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 citov\u00e9 reakcie.<\/li><li><strong>Melancholik<\/strong> m\u00e1 l\u00e1skav\u00fa a\u00a0dobrotiv\u00fa povahu, city pre\u017e\u00edva hlboko, \u013eahko sa vy\u010derp\u00e1.<\/li><\/ul><p>Jednu z naj\u010dastej\u0161ie uv\u00e1dzan\u00fdch\u00a0<strong>typol\u00f3gi\u00ed osobnost\u00ed u\u010dite\u013eov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 do zna\u010dnej miery determinuj\u00fa vyu\u010dovac\u00ed \u0161t\u00fdl u\u010dite\u013ea vytvoril nemeck\u00fd psychol\u00f3g a filozof Waldemar Oskar\u00a0<strong>D\u00f6ring <\/strong>(1880-1948). Vych\u00e1dzal pritom zo v\u0161eobecnej typol\u00f3gie osobnost\u00ed pod\u013ea nemeck\u00e9ho psychol\u00f3ga, filozofa a vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho pedag\u00f3ga Eduarda\u00a0<strong>Sprangera<\/strong>\u00a0(1882-1963) zalo\u017eenej na hodnot\u00e1ch uprednost\u0148ovan\u00fdch v \u017eivote. Patr\u00ed sem \u0161es\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch typov osobnosti: \u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd, estetick\u00fd, soci\u00e1lny, teoretick\u00fd, ekonomick\u00fd, mocensk\u00fd.<\/p><p>Inou typol\u00f3giou je delenie Christiana Caselmanna. Jeho typol\u00f3gia u\u010dite\u013ea je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na dvoch h\u013eadisk\u00e1ch: vz\u0165ahu medzi u\u010dite\u013eom a\u00a0\u017eiakom a\u00a0vz\u0165ahom k\u00a0u\u010divu a\u00a0predmetu. Pod\u013ea tejto typol\u00f3gie rozli\u0161ujeme dva typy u\u010dite\u013eov:<\/p><ol><li><strong>logotrop<\/strong> \u2013 u\u010dite\u013e sa orientuje na v\u00fdklad, slovo a\u00a0logick\u00fa argument\u00e1ciu. V\u00a0soci\u00e1lnych vz\u0165ahoch je direkt\u00edvny, \u017eiaci ho vn\u00edmaj\u00fa ako vedeck\u00fa autoritu,<\/li><li><strong>paidotrop<\/strong> \u2013 orientovan\u00fd sk\u00f4r psychologicky. M\u00e1 prirodzen\u00fa autoritu, vyu\u010dovanie organizuje \u010dasto v\u00a0skupin\u00e1ch. Napoved\u00e1 a\u00a0pom\u00e1ha \u017eiakom (Pokriv\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1 S., 2000).<\/li><\/ol><p>\u010eal\u0161ia pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 <strong>typol\u00f3gia u\u010dite\u013ea <\/strong>je<strong> pod\u013ea vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0\u017eiakom, <\/strong>na z\u00e1klade \u00a0ktorej rozde\u013eujeme u\u010dite\u013eov do troch typov:<\/p><ol><li><strong>autokratick\u00fd u\u010dite\u013e, <\/strong>ktor\u00fd vy\u017eaduje od \u017eiakov bezpodmiene\u010dn\u00fa discipl\u00ednu a\u00a0poslu\u0161nos\u0165. Preferuje tresty pred odmenami, je vodcom. \u017diaci s\u00fa preva\u017ene pas\u00edvni. Pr\u00edkladom je ve\u013emi pr\u00edsny u\u010dite\u013e, ktor\u00fd nenech\u00e1va \u017eiakom takmer \u017eiadnu vo\u013enos\u0165, nikdy nepripust\u00ed diskusiu a\u00a0pravdu m\u00e1 v\u017edy len on. Tento typ u\u010dite\u013ea bol typick\u00fd pre tradi\u010dn\u00fa v\u00fdchovu v\u00a0rodin\u00e1ch i\u00a0v\u00a0\u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/li><li><strong>demokratick\u00fd u\u010dite\u013e <\/strong>sa k\u00a0\u017eiakom spr\u00e1va ako k\u00a0rovnocenn\u00fdm partnerom a\u00a0vo vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch udr\u017euje relat\u00edvnu rovnov\u00e1hu.<\/li><li><strong>liber\u00e1lny u\u010dite\u013e, <\/strong>ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje a\u017e pr\u00edli\u0161 vo\u013en\u00fa komunik\u00e1ciu so \u017eiakmi. Je pre\u0148 typick\u00e1 neprimeran\u00e1 benevolencia a\u00a0ned\u00f4slednos\u0165 vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0povinnostiam \u017eiakov. Pr\u00edkladom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u010dite\u013e, ktor\u00fd \u017eiakom neude\u013euje povinnosti alebo ich nekontroluje. \u017diak si doslova m\u00f4\u017ee robi\u0165 \u010do chce. Liber\u00e1lni u\u010ditelia s\u00fa spo\u010diatku u \u017eiakov a\u00a0\u0161tudentov ve\u013emi ob\u013e\u00faben\u00ed, ale existuje tu riziko, \u017ee tak\u00fdto u\u010dite\u013e nepln\u00ed svoju z\u00e1kladn\u00fa \u00falohu \u2013 nau\u010di\u0165 \u017eiakov (Bal\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, \u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1, 2009).<\/li><\/ol><p>V\u00a0literat\u00fare sa mo\u017eno stretn\u00fa\u0165 s\u00a0pojmom <strong><em>\u0161t\u00fdl vedenia<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/em><\/strong><em>, s ktor\u00fdm<\/em> sa \u010dasto sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa komplement\u00e1rne pojmy ako <strong><em>interak\u010dn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>v\u00fdchovn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/em> <\/strong>a <strong><em>vyu\u010dovac\u00ed \u0161t\u00fdl<\/em><\/strong>. Aj ke\u010f pri vz\u00e1jomnej kompar\u00e1cii t\u00fdchto pojmov mo\u017eno identifikova\u0165 ist\u00e9 diferencie, sum\u00e1rne sa v\u0161ak premietaj\u00fa do vyu\u010dovacej \u010dinnosti u\u010dite\u013ea. Zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa v\u00a0sebe komunik\u00e1ciu a\u00a0interakciu so \u017eiakmi, premieta sa v\u00a0nich u\u010dite\u013eove po\u0148atie vyu\u010dovania a\u00a0tie\u017e sa odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa v\u00a0uplat\u0148ovan\u00fdch met\u00f3dach pr\u00e1ce u\u010dite\u013ea (\u0160eben Za\u0165kov\u00e1, 2012).<\/p><p><strong>Vyu\u010dovac\u00ed \u0161t\u00fdl<\/strong> sa definuje ako\u00a0 u\u010dite\u013eov sp\u00f4sob videnia u\u010diva, \u0161tudenta, vyu\u010dovac\u00edch met\u00f3d, ale aj uplat\u0148ovan\u00fdch organiza\u010dn\u00fdch foriem, didaktick\u00fdch z\u00e1sad i\u00a0vyu\u010dovac\u00edch prostriedkov, u\u010denia a\u00a0vyu\u010dovania, komunik\u00e1cie so \u0161tudentmi apod., ktor\u00fd sa premieta do jeho vyu\u010dovania. Vo v\u0161eobecnej\u0161ej rovine \u2013 je to <strong><em>sp\u00f4sob u\u010dite\u013eovho vyu\u010dovania<\/em><\/strong>, v u\u017e\u0161om pon\u00edman\u00ed je to <strong><em>s\u00fabor vyu\u010dovac\u00edch met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 u\u010dite\u013e uplat\u0148uje<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p><p>Existuj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 delenia vyu\u010dovac\u00edch \u0161t\u00fdlov a medzi klasifik\u00e1cie vyu\u010dovac\u00edch \u0161t\u00fdlov patr\u00ed napr\u00edklad aj delenie \u00a0od autorov\u00a0Fenstermacher a\u00a0Soltis\u00a0(2008):<\/p><ol><li><strong><em>Mana\u017e\u00e9rsky<\/em><\/strong>\u0161t\u00fdl u\u010dite\u013ea k\u00a0v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vacej pr\u00e1ci vykazuje ve\u013emi dobr\u00fa organiza\u010dn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, je systematick\u00fd a poskytuje sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu.<\/li><li><strong><em>Facilita\u010dn\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>\u0161t\u00fdl u\u010dite\u013ea podporuje a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje hodnotu individuality, autenticity a autoregul\u00e1cie \u017eiaka.<\/li><li><strong><em>Pragmatick\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>\u0161t\u00fdl u\u010dite\u013ea je zameran\u00fd na dosiahnutie u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch vedomost\u00ed a zru\u010dnost\u00ed v spojen\u00ed s ich aplik\u00e1ciou.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>V\u00fdchovn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<\/strong>\u00a0 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00ed autori Pr\u016fcha, Walterov\u00e1, Mare\u0161 (2003) definuj\u00fa ako s\u00fahrn z\u00e1mern\u00fdch i\u00a0spont\u00e1nnych\u00a0 sp\u00f4sobov spr\u00e1vania sa vychov\u00e1vate\u013ea k\u00a0vychov\u00e1van\u00e9mu. \u010euri\u010d a\u00a0Bratsk\u00e1 (1997) ho vn\u00edmaj\u00fa ako celkov\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie matky, otca, rodiny, u\u010dite\u013ea, \u0161koly na die\u0165a, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uje jeho reakciu na jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdchovn\u00e9 prostriedky a\u00a0met\u00f3dy.<\/p><hr \/><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <em>\u0160t\u00fdl vedenia<\/em> (riadenia, vodcovstva) predstavuje syst\u00e9m met\u00f3d a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobov usmer\u0148ovania \u010dlenov kolekt\u00edvu, ktor\u00fd realizuj\u00fa vodcovia.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Interak\u010dn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<\/em> predstavuje prevl\u00e1daj\u00face ur\u010dit\u00e9 prvky alebo vlastnosti interakcie, ktor\u00e9 sa opakuj\u00fa a\u00a0prejavuj\u00fa sa pravidelnos\u0165ou.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <em>V\u00fdchovn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<\/em> je presadzovanie relat\u00edvne stabiln\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov p\u00f4sobenia vychov\u00e1vate\u013ea na vychov\u00e1van\u00e9ho.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Z\u00c1KLADY PEDAGOGIKY Typol\u00f3gie osobnosti u\u010dite\u013ea Fakt, \u017ee u\u010ditelia sa od seba navz\u00e1jom l\u00ed\u0161ia povahov\u00fdmi \u010drtami, osobnostn\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami, temperamentom apod., je v\u00a0pedagogickej praxi re\u00e1lnou skuto\u010dnos\u0165ou, \u010do dosved\u010duj\u00fa i\u00a0mnoh\u00e9 typol\u00f3gie u\u010dite\u013eov, dostupn\u00e9 v\u00a0dom\u00e1cej i\u00a0zahrani\u010dnej odbornej literat\u00fare. Tieto existuj\u00face odli\u0161nosti sa premietaj\u00fa i\u00a0do konkr\u00e9tnej vyu\u010dovacej a\u00a0v\u00fdchovnej \u010dinnosti. Neexistuje univerz\u00e1lny u\u010dite\u013e, ale rozli\u0161ujeme u\u010dite\u013eov sk\u00fasen\u00fdch, nesk\u00fasen\u00fdch, emot\u00edvnych, racion\u00e1lnych, dynamick\u00fdch [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1376","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1376","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1376"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1376\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1541,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1376\/revisions\/1541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1376"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}