{"id":1653,"date":"2023-02-28T13:16:15","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:16:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1653"},"modified":"2023-05-05T09:39:19","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T07:39:19","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-2-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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POLYS\u00c9MIA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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POLYS\u00c9MIA<\/strong>, \u010di\u017ee mnohozna\u010dnos\u0165, je jav, v\u00a0ktorom sa na jednu formu via\u017eu minim\u00e1lne dva obsahy, pri\u010dom s\u00fa v nich niektor\u00e9 zhodn\u00e9 a viacer\u00e9 odli\u0161n\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky. Term\u00edn polys\u00e9mia poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0gr\u00e9\u010dtiny, kde prefix poly-<\/em> m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam mnoho<\/em> a\u00a0s\u00e9maion<\/em> m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam znamena\u0165<\/em>. Ide o\u00a0lexik\u00e1lny jav, ke\u010f sa jedn\u00fdm jazykov\u00fdm prostriedkom pomen\u00favaj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 my\u0161lienkov\u00e9 obsahy.<\/p>\n

Zmeny v\u00fdznamu vznikaj\u00fa rozdielnym zoskupovan\u00edm a\u00a0preskupovan\u00edm s\u00e9mantick\u00fdch pr\u00edznakov (Mistr\u00edk, 1993, s. 329). Tieto jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy spolu s\u00e9manticky a geneticky s\u00favisia a\u00a0tvoria jeden celok, to je z\u00e1kladn\u00fd rozdiel oproti homonymii. Ak m\u00e1 t\u00e1 ist\u00e1 lex\u00e9ma viacero rozdielnych, no navz\u00e1jom s\u00favisiacich v\u00fdznamov, hovor\u00edme o s\u00e9mantickom spektre<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Polys\u00e9mia je sign\u00e1lom ekon\u00f3mie v\u00a0jazykovom subsyst\u00e9me, ke\u010f sa pou\u017e\u00edva na ozna\u010denie viacer\u00fdch obsahov jedna forma; rovnako je prejavom princ\u00edpu racion\u00e1lnosti v jazyku.<\/p>\n

Z v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska mo\u017eno lex\u00e9my rozdeli\u0165 na jednov\u00fdznamov\u00e9 <\/strong>(monos\u00e9mick\u00e9) slov\u00e1<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa len jeden z\u00e1kladn\u00fd, prvotn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, tu patria hlavne odborn\u00e9 slov\u00e1, napr\u00edklad dym<\/em> \u201eplyny a \u010diasto\u010dky popola ako v\u00fdsledok horenia\u201c, a viacv\u00fdznamov\u00e9 <\/strong>(polys\u00e9mick\u00e9) slov\u00e1<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj z\u00e1kladn\u00fd, prvotn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, aj odvoden\u00fd, druhotn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, napr\u00edklad noha <\/em>1. cel\u00e1 doln\u00e1 kon\u010datina \u017eiv\u00fdch tvorov, 2. podpera na predmete pripom\u00ednaj\u00faca doln\u00fa kon\u010datinu. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee od prvotn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu s\u00fa odvoden\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdznamy polys\u00e9mick\u00e9ho pomenovania tak, \u017ee sa p\u00f4vodn\u00fd v\u00fdznam roz\u010dlen\u00ed na nieko\u013eko samostatn\u00fdch, druhotn\u00fdch v\u00fdznamov (Findra, 2013, s. 66). V\u00a0r\u00f4znych v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch slovn\u00edkoch sa stret\u00e1vame s\u00a0nejednotnos\u0165ou uv\u00e1dzania po\u010dtu v\u00fdznamov; s\u00favis\u00ed to s\u00a0posunmi vo v\u00fdzname slov a\u00a0ich s\u00e9mantick\u00fdm obmie\u0148an\u00edm pod vplyvom kontextu, ako aj s\u00a0rozsiahlos\u0165ou slovn\u00edka. Polys\u00e9mick\u00e9 slov\u00e1 s\u00fa star\u0161ie a\u00a0v\u00a0re\u010di ve\u013emi frekventovan\u00e9 slov\u00e1, i\u00a0ke\u010f podiel v\u00a0celej slovnej z\u00e1sobe maj\u00fa pribli\u017ene \u0161tvrtinov\u00fd (porov. Mistr\u00edk, 1997, s. 134).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n

Polys\u00e9miu \u010dlen\u00edme<\/u> pod\u013ea sp\u00f4sobu vzniku nov\u00fdch v\u00fdznamov, teda pod\u013ea toho, \u010di sa lexik\u00e1lny v\u00fdznam slova zu\u017euje, vtedy ide o \u0161pecifik\u00e1ciu\/zu\u017eovanie v\u00fdznamu<\/em>, roz\u0161iruje, tzv. generaliz\u00e1cia\/roz\u0161irovanie v\u00fdznamu<\/em>, \u010di pren\u00e1\u0161a na z\u00e1klade vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch alebo vonkaj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed predmetov (metafora<\/em>, metonymia<\/em>) alebo \u010di ide o konverziu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160pecifik\u00e1cia<\/strong>\/zu\u017eovanie<\/strong> v\u00fdznamu <\/strong>vznik\u00e1 pri tvoren\u00ed sekund\u00e1rneho, odvoden\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu uv\u00e1dzan\u00edm \u0161pecifika\u010dn\u00e9ho, z\u00fa\u017een\u00e9ho pr\u00edznaku, a\u00a0to konkretizovan\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho, neodvoden\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu a pridan\u00edm s\u00e9my navy\u0161e do odvoden\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu. Z\u00fa\u017een\u00e9 dvojice v\u00fdznamu s\u00fa napr. vojak <\/em>1. pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk arm\u00e1dy, 2. pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk arm\u00e1dy bez hodnosti<\/u>; s\u00fa\u010diastka<\/em>: 1. s\u00fa\u010das\u0165, 2. s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 stroja, pr\u00edstroja; chalupa <\/em>1. jednoduch\u00fd dedinsk\u00fd dom, 2. jednoduch\u00fd dedinsk\u00fd dom vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na rekrea\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely<\/u>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Generaliz\u00e1cia\/<\/strong>roz\u0161irovanie v\u00fdznamu<\/strong> vznik\u00e1 pri tvoren\u00ed sekund\u00e1rneho, odvoden\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu, a\u00a0to zov\u0161eobecnen\u00edm odvoden\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu, \u010di\u017ee odstr\u00e1nen\u00edm ur\u010duj\u00faceho pr\u00edznaku (\u0161pecifika\u010dnej s\u00e9my) od z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho, neodvoden\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu. Roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 dvojice v\u00fdznamu s\u00fa napr.\u00a0hr\u00edb<\/em> 1. jedl\u00e1 huba s bielou du\u017einou a oby\u010dajne s hnedast\u00fdm klob\u00fakom, 2. hovor.<\/em> jedl\u00e1 huba v\u00f4bec; sie\u0165ka <\/em>1. sie\u0165ovan\u00e1 ta\u0161ka, 2. ak\u00e1ko\u013evek<\/u> ta\u0161ka.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Metafora <\/strong>je pren\u00e1\u0161anie v\u00fdznamu na z\u00e1klade zhodn\u00fdch vonkaj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed predmetov, ide o tvorenie nov\u00fdch (druhotn\u00fdch) v\u00fdznamov lexik\u00e1lnej jednotky so spolo\u010dn\u00fdmi pr\u00edznakmi. Za spolo\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky podobnosti mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 vonkaj\u0161ie pr\u00edznaky, ako je farba, tvar, funk\u010dn\u00e9 a charakterov\u00e9 vlastnosti. Metafora pln\u00ed nominat\u00edvnu funkciu preto, \u017ee pomen\u00fava nov\u00fd pojem star\u00fdm, zn\u00e1mym v\u00fdznamom slova (porov. Ondrus, Horeck\u00fd, Furd\u00edk, 1980, s. 165). Autor metafory takto z\u00e1merne aktualizuje vz\u0165ah medzi vecou a\u00a0pomenovan\u00edm, preto sa metafora poklad\u00e1 za autorsk\u00e9 hodnotenie.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>etaforiz\u00e1cia <\/strong>vznik\u00e1 na z\u00e1klade:<\/p>\n\n

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  1. form\u00e1lnej pr\u00edbuznosti<\/em> <\/strong>(podoba, vzh\u013ead), napr. oko <\/em> gu\u013eovit\u00fd org\u00e1n zraku ulo\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0hlave, 2. \u010do je tvarom podobn\u00e9 oku;<\/li>\n \t
  2. charakterov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>, napr. parazit<\/em> cudzopasn\u00fd organizmus (pri\u017eivuje sa na cudzom organizme), 2. pr\u00ed\u017eivn\u00edk (\u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd sa pri\u017eivuje); chutn\u00fd<\/em> 1. ktor\u00fd pr\u00edjemne chut\u00ed, chutn\u00e1 ve\u010dera<\/em>, 2. ktor\u00fd vzbudzuje svoj\u00edm v\u00fdzorom, spr\u00e1van\u00edm, sp\u00f4sobmi a pod. pr\u00edjemn\u00fd pocit, chutn\u00e9 diev\u010da<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  3. funk\u010dnej pr\u00edbuznosti<\/em> <\/strong>(rovnak\u00e9 fungovanie predmetu), kan\u00e1l<\/em> 1. potrubie na odv\u00e1dzanie odpadov\u00fdch alebo in\u00fdch v\u00f4d, 2. m\u00e9dium umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00face vstup a v\u00fdstup inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Druhy metafor:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

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    • personifik\u00e1cia<\/strong> (zosob\u0148ovanie) \u2013 pren\u00e1\u0161anie vlastnost\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dinov \u013eud\u00ed na ne\u017eiv\u00e9 predmety a\u00a0zvierat\u00e1, \u010d\u00edm sa im prisudzuj\u00fa vlastnosti a\u00a0schopnosti \u013eud\u00ed, s\u00fa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a slovesn\u00e9: de\u0148 sa preb\u00fadza, plamene \u0161\u013eahaj\u00fa, pr\u00edroda sp\u00ed<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
    • animiz\u00e1cia<\/strong> (o\u017eivovanie) \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 adjekt\u00edvne a slovesn\u00e9: labutia piese\u0148, zaja\u010die \u00famysly, p\u0161trosia politika, motor \u017eerie (benz\u00edn)<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
    • synest\u00e9zia <\/strong>(s\u00fazvuk viacer\u00fdch zmyslov\u00fdch pojmov) \u2013 s\u00fa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a adjekt\u00edvne: bezhlas\u00e9 slzy <\/em>(akusticko-vizu\u00e1lny prvok), sladk\u00e9 svetlo <\/em>(chu\u0165ovo-vizu\u00e1lny prvok).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Metonymia<\/strong> je pren\u00e1\u0161anie v\u00fdznamu z v\u00fdchodiskov\u00e9ho slova na cie\u013eov\u00e9 slovo na z\u00e1klade vecnej alebo logickej, teda vn\u00fatornej s\u00favislosti, napr\u00edklad priestorovej, \u010dasovej, pr\u00ed\u010dinnej a\u00a0inej. V\u00fdsledkom metonymie ako druhu tr\u00f3pu s\u00fa metonym\u00e1 a synekdocha<\/strong> je osobitn\u00fd druh metonymie, tzv. premenovanie, teda z\u00e1mena mena menom na z\u00e1klade vecnej s\u00favislosti.<\/p>\n

      Metonym\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017eeme vy\u010dleni\u0165 na z\u00e1klade uveden\u00fdch s\u00favislost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa opakuj\u00fa, a\u00a0preto ich uv\u00e1dzame v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch ust\u00e1len\u00fdch form\u00e1ch:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      Rozozn\u00e1vame typy synekdoch<\/u>:<\/p>\n\n

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      • \u010cAS\u0164 ZA CELOK (synekdocha pars pro toto)<\/strong>: <\/strong>po\u017eiada\u0165 o\u00a0ruku<\/em>, ma\u0165 strechu nad hlavou, moja noha tam viac nevkro\u010d\u00ed<\/em>, \u010do sa tie ruky napracovali, k\u00fapi\u0165 si motor <\/em>(auto), srdcia s\u00fa si bli\u017e\u0161ie, Biely dom <\/em>(vl\u00e1da USA); osobitn\u00fd druh tejto synekdochy je synekdocha singularis pro plurali (jednotn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo za mno\u017en\u00e9)<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u017eiak sa mus\u00ed u\u010di\u0165<\/em> (\u017eiaci), riadite\u013e mus\u00ed vedie\u0165 v\u0161etko <\/em>(riaditelia), Turek pri\u0161iel na Slovensko<\/em> (Turci), migrant pri\u0161iel do Eur\u00f3py<\/em> (migranti);<\/li>\n \t
      • CELOK ZA \u010cAS\u0164 (synekdocha totum pro parte)<\/strong>: <\/strong>Bratislava ples\u00e1<\/em> (\u013eudia na plese v\u00a0Bratislave), vyhrali Ko\u0161ice<\/em> (hr\u00e1\u010di Ko\u0161\u00edc), Tisovec sa raduje\/oslavuje\/bur\u00e1ca<\/em> (\u013eudia v Tisovci sa raduj\u00fa\/ oslavuj\u00fa\/bur\u00e1caj\u00fa), pre\u017eil mnoho z\u00edm<\/em> (mnoho dn\u00ed v\u00a0zime), pri\u0161lo\/zbehlo sa tam cel\u00e9 mesto<\/em> (\u013eudia z\u00a0mesta), k\u00fapi\u0165 strieborn\u00fa l\u00ed\u0161ku<\/em> (iba ko\u017eu\u0161inu z l\u00ed\u0161ky), nosi\u0165 norku<\/em> (nosi\u0165 norkov\u00fd ko\u017euch, z\u00a0norky), mesto je zahalen\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010diernom<\/em> (\u013eudia s\u00fa v\u00a0\u010diernom), dozvedela sa o\u00a0tom pol\u00edcia<\/em> (zamestnanci pol\u00edcie);<\/li>\n \t
      • ROD ZA DRUH (synekdocha genus pro specie): <\/strong>zl\u00e1 pijatika<\/em> (p\u00e1lenka), zviera sa tr\u00e1pilo<\/em> (konkr\u00e9tny druh zviera\u0165a), prste\u0148 s\u00a0ve\u013ek\u00fdm kame\u0148om<\/em> (konkr\u00e9tny druh kame\u0148a), pi\u0165 tvrd\u00e9<\/em> (p\u00e1lenka), u\u010ditelia <\/em>(pedag\u00f3govia, profesori a docenti);<\/li>\n \t
      • DRUH ZA ROD (synekdocha spieces pro genere)<\/strong>: <\/strong>poslal ru\u017ei\u010dky<\/em> (kyticu ru\u017e\u00ed), zarobi\u0165\/dosta\u0165 p\u00e1r centov<\/em> (eur), lastovi\u010dky sa u\u017e vr\u00e1tili<\/em> (vt\u00e1ky).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Konverziou<\/strong> sa rozumej\u00fa tak\u00e9 us\u00favz\u0165a\u017enen\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy viacv\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho pomenovania, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00fa ten ist\u00fd dynamick\u00fd pr\u00edznak (dej \u010di stav), ale z poz\u00edcie r\u00f4znych nosite\u013eov rol\u00ed (akt\u00edvneho konate\u013ea alebo trpite\u013ea procesu) (Orgo\u0148ov\u00e1, Bohunick\u00e1, 2011, s. 22), napr. obr\u00e1s\u0165: 1. dom obr\u00e1stol bre\u010dtanom, 2. bre\u010dtan obr\u00e1stol dom.<\/p>\n

        \u0160tylistick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie polys\u00e9mie: <\/strong>\u0161tiepen\u00edm v\u00fdznamu v\u00a0jazyku doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0obohacovaniu slovnej z\u00e1soby \u2013 rie\u0161i sa takto nap\u00e4tie medzi nov\u00fdmi pomenovac\u00edmi potrebami a\u00a0obmedzen\u00fdm invent\u00e1rom prvkov v\u00a0slovnej z\u00e1sobe. Polys\u00e9mia je bohato zachyten\u00e1 v\u00a0aktu\u00e1lnych v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch slovn\u00edkoch reflektuj\u00facich s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd stav slovnej z\u00e1soby v\u00a0sloven\u010dine, a\u00a0to v kodifika\u010dnom slovn\u00edku Kr\u00e1tky slovn\u00edk slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/em> (2020) a\u00a0\u0161tvorzv\u00e4zkovom slovn\u00edku Slovn\u00edk s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka. A \u2013 G.<\/em> (2006), H \u2013 L.<\/em> (2011), M \u2013 N.<\/em> (2015), O \u2013 Pn.<\/em> (2021). V\u00a0nich je z\u00e1kladn\u00fd v\u00fdznam slova ozna\u010den\u00fd \u010d\u00edslicou 1 a\u00a0prenesen\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u010d\u00edslicou 2 a\u00a0\u010fal\u0161\u00edm \u010d\u00edslom pod\u013ea toho, ko\u013ek\u00fdmi prenesen\u00fdmi v\u00fdznamami disponuje slovo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI POLYS\u00c9MIA POLYS\u00c9MIA, \u010di\u017ee mnohozna\u010dnos\u0165, je jav, v\u00a0ktorom sa na jednu formu via\u017eu minim\u00e1lne dva obsahy, pri\u010dom s\u00fa v nich niektor\u00e9 zhodn\u00e9 a viacer\u00e9 odli\u0161n\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky. Term\u00edn polys\u00e9mia poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0gr\u00e9\u010dtiny, kde prefix poly- m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam mnoho a\u00a0s\u00e9maion m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam znamena\u0165. Ide o\u00a0lexik\u00e1lny jav, ke\u010f sa jedn\u00fdm jazykov\u00fdm prostriedkom pomen\u00favaj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1653","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1653"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7065,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1653\/revisions\/7065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}