{"id":1655,"date":"2023-02-28T13:16:36","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1655"},"modified":"2023-02-28T19:34:05","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T18:34:05","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-2-3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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HOMONYMIA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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HOMONYMIA (ROVNOZVU\u010cNOS\u0164) <\/strong>je form\u00e1lny vz\u0165ah medzi lexik\u00e1lnymi jednotkami zalo\u017een\u00fd na toto\u017enosti formy. <\/strong>Je to jav, pri ktorom maj\u00fa dve slov\u00e1 rovnak\u00fa formu, ale ich v\u00fdznam s\u00e9manticky \u010di geneticky nes\u00favis\u00ed, s\u00fa teda odli\u0161n\u00e9 z\u00a0v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho a\u00a0etymologick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska.<\/p>

Homonym\u00e1<\/strong> s\u00fa form\u00e1lne toto\u017en\u00e9, ale\u00a0v\u00fdznamovo rozdielne slov\u00e1 \u2013 vz\u0165ah k\u00a0in\u00e9mu, rovnako znej\u00facemu slovu, ale v\u00fdznamom a\u00a0p\u00f4vodom odli\u0161n\u00e9mu slovu je zalo\u017een\u00fd iba na form\u00e1lnej zhode (Ripka, Imrichov\u00e1, 2004, s. 74). Homonym\u00e1 sa v\u00a0lexik\u00f3noch ozna\u010duj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom horn\u00e9ho indexu, napr. box1<\/sup> <\/em>p\u00e4stiarstvo, box2<\/sup><\/em> oddelen\u00e9 miesto v uzavretom priestore, box3<\/sup><\/em> jemn\u00e1 use\u0148 (na obuv). Homonym\u00e1 sprac\u00fava s\u00faborn\u00e9 dielo Homonymick\u00fd slovn\u00edk<\/em><\/strong> (M\u00e1ria Ivanov\u00e1-\u0160alingov\u00e1, 2005).<\/p>

Homonymia vznik\u00e1 t\u00fdmito sp\u00f4sobmi pri preberan\u00ed cudz\u00edch slov alebo vn\u00fatrojazykovo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9ho jazyka (porov. Ripka, Imrichov\u00e1, 2004, s. 75 \u2013 76):<\/p>

  • form\u00e1lnym zjednocovan\u00edm dom\u00e1ceho a\u00a0cudzieho v\u00fdrazu<\/em><\/strong>, napr. banka1<\/sup><\/em> n\u00e1doba v\u00a0sloven\u010dine, banka2<\/sup><\/em> sporite\u013e\u0148a v\u00a0talian\u010dine;<\/li>
  • prevzat\u00edm dvoch alebo viacer\u00fdch cudz\u00edch slov s\u00a0rovnakou formou<\/em><\/strong>, napr. \u0161ach1<\/sup> <\/em>titul panovn\u00edka v Perzii, v\u00a0Ir\u00e1ne; \u0161ach2<\/sup> <\/em>hra zalo\u017een\u00e1 na premiest\u0148ovan\u00ed bielych a \u010diernych fig\u00farok po \u0161achovnici: hra\u0165 \u0161ach (perzsk\u00e9);<\/li>
  • kalkovan\u00edm <\/em><\/strong>(doslovn\u00fdm prekladan\u00edm)<\/em>, napr. p\u00e1d1<\/sup><\/em> padnutie v\u00a0sloven\u010dine a\u00a0p\u00e1d2<\/sup> <\/em>doslovn\u00fd preklad od latinsk\u00e9ho slova casus;<\/li>
  • rozlo\u017een\u00edm jedn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu slova na 2-3 v\u00fdznamy<\/em><\/strong>, napr. vlna1<\/sup><\/em> srs\u0165 na ovci a\u00a0vlna2<\/sup> <\/em>ohyb vody;<\/li>
  • tvoren\u00edm slov pri deriv\u00e1cii<\/em><\/strong>, ke\u010f sa p\u00f4vodne jedno a\u00a0to ist\u00e9 slovo v\u00fdznamovou zmenou svojho z\u00e1kladu a\u00a0odli\u0161nou deriv\u00e1ciou, no vo v\u00fdsledku zhodnou deriv\u00e1ciou, roz\u010dlenen\u00ed na viacero lex\u00e9m, napr. vodi\u010dka1<\/sup><\/em> k voda), vodi\u010dka2<\/sup> <\/em>prech\u00fdlen\u00e9 pomenovanie od vodi\u010d, a to od vodi\u0165, vies\u0165<\/em>;<\/li>
  • splynut\u00edm dvoch od p\u00f4vodu odli\u0161n\u00fdch dom\u00e1cich slov <\/strong>pri v\u00fdvine jazyka, napr. dozrie\u01651<\/sup> <\/em>niekam dovidie\u0165, dozrie\u01652<\/sup> <\/em>sta\u0165 sa zrel\u00fdm, ovocie dozrelo.<\/li><\/ul>

    \u00a0<\/u><\/p>

    \u010clenenie homon\u00fdm<\/u>:<\/p>

    PRAV\u00c9 <\/strong>(LEXIK\u00c1LNE) HOMONYM\u00c1<\/strong> klasifikujeme pod\u013ea rozsahu form\u00e1lnych zh\u00f4d na (Ripka, Imrichov\u00e1, 2004, s. 77):<\/p>

    • \u00fapln\u00e9 homonym\u00e1<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa zhoduj\u00fa v\u00a0celej paradigme, teda s\u00fa toho ist\u00e9ho druhu a\u00a0rodu, napr. n\u00e1prava<\/em>1 <\/sup>n\u00e1prava ch\u00fdb, n\u00e1prava<\/em>2<\/sup> \u010das\u0165 vozidla, ktor\u00e1 dr\u017e\u00ed koles\u00e1;<\/li>
    • \u010diasto\u010dn\u00e9 homonym\u00e1<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa:
      • odli\u0161n\u00fa slovnodruhov\u00fa platnos\u0165<\/em><\/strong>, napr. ma\u01651<\/sup><\/em> matka (podstatn\u00e9 meno) ma\u01652<\/sup><\/em> vlastni\u0165 (sloveso); z\u013eava1<\/sup><\/em> (podstatn\u00e9 meno), z\u013eava2<\/sup><\/em> (pr\u00edslovka);<\/li>
      • odli\u0161n\u00fd rod<\/em><\/strong>, napr. kura1<\/sup><\/em> sliepka (\u017eensk\u00fd rod), kura2<\/sup><\/em> kur\u010da (stredn\u00fd rod);<\/li>
      • odli\u0161n\u00fa kateg\u00f3riu \u017eivotnosti<\/em><\/strong>, napr. druh1<\/sup><\/em> s\u00fahrn predmetov s rovnak\u00fdmi podstatn\u00fdmi znakmi (ne\u017eivotn\u00e9), druh2 <\/sup><\/em>spolo\u010dn\u00edk, priate\u013e (\u017eivotn\u00e9).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

        NEPRAV\u00c9 HOMONYM\u00c1 <\/strong>\u010dlen\u00edme na:<\/p>

        • homof\u00f3ny<\/strong> (fonetick\u00e9 alebo zvukov\u00e9 homonym\u00e1) s\u00fa slov\u00e1 form\u00e1lne odli\u0161n\u00e9, teda sa odli\u0161uj\u00fa v\u00a0grafickom zna\u010den\u00ed, ale s\u00fa zvukovo zhodn\u00e9 (vo v\u00fdslovnosti), napr. v\u00edr \u2013 v\u00fdr , tip \u2013 typ, mi \u2013 my<\/em>;<\/li>
        • homoformy <\/strong>(gramatick\u00e9 homonym\u00e1) s\u00fa tvary slov patriacich k\u00a0odli\u0161n\u00fdm slovn\u00fdm druhom \u00a0s rovnakou formou, ale odli\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom, napr. v\u00e1ha <\/em>(substant\u00edvum) \u2013 v\u00e1ha<\/em> (3. os. sg. pr\u00edt. \u010dasu), poste\u013e <\/em>(substant\u00edvum) \u2013 poste\u013e!<\/em> (imperat\u00edv), otcov<\/em> (substant\u00edvum) \u2013 otcov <\/em>(adjekt\u00edvum);<\/li>
        • homografy <\/strong>(pravopisn\u00e9 homonym\u00e1) slov\u00e1 form\u00e1lne hl\u00e1skovo zhodn\u00e9 (v grafickom zna\u010den\u00ed), ale zvukovo odli\u0161n\u00e9 (vo v\u00fdslovnosti), tento typ homon\u00fdm vznik\u00e1 tam, kde je kol\u00edzia medzi v\u00fdslovnos\u0165ou a pravopisom, napr. kr\u00e1sne<\/em> (adjekt\u00edvum) \u2013 kr\u00e1sne <\/em>(adverbium); horizont\u00e1lne<\/em> (adjekt\u00edvum) \u2013 horizont\u00e1lne <\/em>(adverbium). \u00a0\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

          SLOVNODRUHOV\u00c1 HOMONYMIA<\/strong><\/p>

          Prehodnotenie jestvuj\u00facich slov na z\u00e1klade slovnodruhov\u00fdch prechodov je jeden z procesov roz\u0161irovania slovnej z\u00e1soby vn\u00fatrojazykov\u00fdm tvoren\u00edm, pri ktorom doch\u00e1dza ku slovnodruhov\u00e9mu prechodu slov bez zmeny tvaroslovnej formy (porov. Olo\u0161tiak, 2017). V\u00fdsledkom je vznik slovnodruhovej homonymie<\/em><\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 prechodom jedn\u00e9ho slovn\u00e9ho druhu do in\u00e9ho slovn\u00e9ho druhu, a\u00a0to plnov\u00fdznamov\u00fdch a\u00a0neplnov\u00fdznamov\u00fdch slovn\u00fdch druhov. Nov\u00e9 slovo prech\u00e1dza hlbok\u00fdmi s\u00e9mantick\u00fdmi procesmi, po\u010das ktor\u00fdch doch\u00e1dza k \u00a0zmene slovn\u00e9ho druhu. Vo v\u00fdkladovom slovn\u00edku sa tieto slov\u00e1 ozna\u010duj\u00fa r\u00edmskymi \u010d\u00edslicami spolu s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm slovn\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>

          M\u00f4\u017eu vznika\u0165 r\u00f4zne typy slovnodruhov\u00fdch prechodov<\/strong>:<\/p>

          • podstatn\u00e9 meno <\/em><\/strong>(I. zima<\/em> \u2013 ro\u010dn\u00e9 obdobie) \u2192 pr\u00edslovka <\/em><\/strong>(II. zima<\/em> \u2013 bolo mi zima);<\/li>
          • podstatn\u00e9 meno <\/em><\/strong>(I. kar\u00ed<\/em> \u2013 zmes indick\u00e9ho jemn\u00e9ho korenia \u017eltohnedej farby) \u2192 pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 meno <\/em><\/strong>(II. kar\u00ed<\/em> \u2013 kar\u00ed om\u00e1\u010dka);<\/li>
          • pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 meno<\/em><\/strong> (I. zn\u00e1my<\/em> \u2013 zn\u00e1ma osobnos\u0165) \u2192 podstatn\u00e9 meno<\/em><\/strong> (II. zn\u00e1my<\/em> \u2013 stretn\u00fa\u0165 zn\u00e1meho);<\/li>
          • trpn\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010dastie<\/em><\/strong> (I. nadriaden\u00fd <\/em>\u2013 nadriaden\u00fd org\u00e1n) \u2192 podstatn\u00e9 meno<\/em><\/strong> (II. nadriaden\u00fd<\/em> \u2013 pr\u00edkazy nadriaden\u00e9ho);<\/li>
          • \u010dinn\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010dastie<\/em><\/strong> (I. ved\u00faci <\/em>\u2013 ved\u00faci pracovn\u00edk) \u2192 podstatn\u00e9 meno<\/em><\/strong> (II. ved\u00faci <\/em>\u2013 zodpovedn\u00fd ved\u00faci);<\/li>
          • trpn\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010dastie<\/em><\/strong> (I. mrazen\u00fd<\/em> \u2013 je mrazen\u00fd pri -100 stup\u0148och)\u2192 pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 meno <\/em><\/strong>(II. mrazen\u00fd <\/em>\u2013 mrazen\u00fd produkt);<\/li>
          • \u010dinn\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010dastie<\/em><\/strong> (I. pla\u010d\u00faci<\/em> \u2013 pla\u010d\u00face die\u0165a) \u2192 pr\u00edslovka<\/em><\/strong> (II. pla\u010d\u00faci<\/em> \u2013 pri\u0161la pla\u010d\u00faci);<\/li>
          • opytovacie z\u00e1meno <\/em><\/strong>(I. ako<\/em> \u2013 Ako sa m\u00e1\u0161?) \u2192 podra\u010fovacia spojka <\/em><\/strong>(II. ako <\/em>\u2013 chlap ako hora);<\/li>
          • pr\u00edslovka <\/em><\/strong>(I. samozrejme<\/em> \u2013 vo\u0161iel celkom samozrejme) \u2192 \u010dastica <\/em><\/strong>(II. samozrejme <\/em>\u2013 dnes, samozrejme, nepr\u00eddem).<\/li><\/ul>

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

            \u0160tylistick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie homonymie:<\/strong> ke\u010f\u017ee sa homonymia vyskytuje ako sprievodn\u00fd jav pri roz\u0161irovan\u00ed slovnej z\u00e1soby, poskytuje pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom jazyka variabilnej\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie slov v\u00a0jazykovom prejave.\u00a0 Homonym\u00e1 sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na docielenie \u0161tylistick\u00e9ho z\u00e1meru cielen\u00fdm zamie\u0148an\u00edm \u010dlenov homonymick\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru. Takto vznik\u00e1 prekvapenie z\u00a0neo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9ho. Tento efekt sa vyu\u017e\u00edva v\u00a0umeleck\u00fdch a\u00a0esejistick\u00fdch textoch. Nie je vhodn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 homonymiu v\u00a0textoch s\u00a0vecn\u00fdm a\u00a0exaktn\u00fdm obsahom, napr. vo vedeck\u00fdch, administrat\u00edvnych a\u00a0pr\u00e1vnych textoch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI HOMONYMIA HOMONYMIA (ROVNOZVU\u010cNOS\u0164) je form\u00e1lny vz\u0165ah medzi lexik\u00e1lnymi jednotkami zalo\u017een\u00fd na toto\u017enosti formy. Je to jav, pri ktorom maj\u00fa dve slov\u00e1 rovnak\u00fa formu, ale ich v\u00fdznam s\u00e9manticky \u010di geneticky nes\u00favis\u00ed, s\u00fa teda odli\u0161n\u00e9 z\u00a0v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho a\u00a0etymologick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska. Homonym\u00e1 s\u00fa form\u00e1lne toto\u017en\u00e9, ale\u00a0v\u00fdznamovo rozdielne slov\u00e1 \u2013 vz\u0165ah k\u00a0in\u00e9mu, rovnako znej\u00facemu slovu, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1655","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1655"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1655\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1853,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1655\/revisions\/1853"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}