{"id":1657,"date":"2023-02-28T13:16:54","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:16:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1657"},"modified":"2023-04-04T09:21:06","modified_gmt":"2023-04-04T07:21:06","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-2-4"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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SYNONYMIA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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SYNONYMIA <\/strong>poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0gr\u00e9\u010dtiny zo slova syn\u00f3nymus: syn-<\/em> = spolu, onoma<\/em> = meno a\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed rovnozna\u010dnos\u0165. Ide o s\u00e9mantick\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi form\u00e1lne rozdielnymi (odli\u0161n\u00fdmi) jazykov\u00fdmi jednotkami so zhodn\u00fdm, toto\u017en\u00fdm alebo podobn\u00fdm, bl\u00edzkym v\u00fdznamom. Je to jav, ke\u010f sa jedna vec pomen\u00fava viacer\u00fdmi slovami.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0procese synonymie vznikaj\u00fa synonym\u00e1 <\/strong>ako rovnozna\u010dn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 s\u00a0rovnak\u00fdm alebo podobn\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom a\u00a0rozdielnou formou. Synonym\u00e1 s\u00fa zoskupen\u00e9 do \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00fdch \u00fatvarov zlo\u017een\u00fdch z\u00a0viac ako 2 synon\u00fdm, do tzv. synonymick\u00fdch radov<\/em><\/strong>. \u010cleny synonymick\u00fdch radov sp\u00e1ja v\u00fdznamov\u00e1 zhoda, resp. podobnos\u0165, pri\u010dom maj\u00fa synonym\u00e1 spolo\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznamov\u00fd z\u00e1klad = v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 jadro<\/em>, ale jeho \u010dleny tohto radu nie s\u00fa rovnocenn\u00e9. Synonymick\u00e9 rady s rovnak\u00fdm alebo bl\u00edzkym v\u00fdznamom zachyt\u00e1va Synonymick\u00fd slovn\u00edk sloven\u010diny<\/em><\/strong> (SSS, posl. upr. vyd. je z\u00a0roku 2004), a hoci sa pri opise lexik\u00e1lnych synon\u00fdm v\u00a0Synonymickom slovn\u00edku sloven\u010diny<\/em> vych\u00e1dza zo stavu v s\u00fa\u010dasnom spisovnom jazyku, v z\u00e1beroch synonymick\u00fdch radov sa hranica spisovnosti neraz prekra\u010duje, preto\u017ee aj v oblasti synonymie p\u00f4sob\u00ed dynamika jazyka. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm (dominantn\u00fdm) \u010dlenom synonymick\u00e9ho radu je dominanta<\/em><\/strong> (oporn\u00e9 slovo)<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 stoj\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dele synonymick\u00e9ho radu (tvor\u00ed z\u00e1hlavie hesla) a\u00a0ktor\u00e9 je vo svojom z\u00e1kladnom v\u00fdzname. Je to najfrekventovanej\u0161ie slovo so \u0161tylisticky neutr\u00e1lnou hodnotou a zvy\u010dajne patr\u00ed do jadra slovnej z\u00e1soby. V\u00fdznamovo najbli\u017e\u0161ie synonymum stoj\u00ed za dominantou na prvom mieste zvy\u010dajne bez oh\u013eadu na jeho \u0161tylistick\u00fa alebo in\u00fa pr\u00edznakovos\u0165. No ak synonymick\u00fd rad neobsahuje neutr\u00e1lny \u010dlen, dominantou sa st\u00e1va i\u00a0pr\u00edznakov\u00e9 slovo (Synonymick\u00fd slovn\u00edk sloven\u010diny, 2004, s. 13). Okolo dominanty sa zoskupuj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161ie \u010dleny synonymick\u00e9ho radu, napr. spa\u0165 \u2013<\/em> expr. spinka\u0165 \u2013 <\/em>det. b\u00fava\u0165 \u2013 <\/em>expr. drichma\u0165 \u2013<\/em> expr. chr\u00e1pa\u0165<\/em>. Synonym\u00e1 patria v\u017edy k\u00a0tomu ist\u00e9mu slovn\u00e9mu druhu, preto\u017ee pomen\u00favaj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa skupinu slov.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n

Synonym\u00e1 \u010dlen\u00edme<\/u> pod\u013ea viacer\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed (napr\u00edklad pod\u013ea v\u00fdznamovej zhody\/odli\u0161nosti, pod\u013ea odli\u0161n\u00e9ho sekund\u00e1rneho s\u00e9mantick\u00e9ho pr\u00edznaku, pod\u013ea pr\u00edtomnosti slovotvorn\u00e9ho formantu \u010di pod\u013ea zlo\u017eitosti v\u00fdrazu) a\u00a0pod\u013ea toho rozli\u0161ujeme napr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n

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  • \u00fapln\u00e9\/absol\u00fatne synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> (v\u00fdznamovo toto\u017en\u00e9) so zhodn\u00fdmi \u0161tylistick\u00fdmi pr\u00edznakmi, patria sem napr\u00edklad medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 term\u00edny a\u00a0ich slovensk\u00e9 ekvivalenty, ale aj be\u017en\u00e9 pomenovania, napr. raj\u010diak \u2013 paradajka\/raj\u010dina, konsonant \u2013 spoluhl\u00e1ska<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  • v\u00fdznamovo<\/em><\/strong> odli\u0161n\u00e9<\/strong><\/em> (ne\u00fapln\u00e9) synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> s\u00a0rozdielnymi \u0161tylistick\u00fdmi pr\u00edznakmi (jes\u0165 \u2013 <\/em> zjemn. papa\u0165, <\/em>pejor. \u0161rotova\u0165<\/em>);<\/li>\n \t
  • ideografick\u00e9 synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong>, pri\u010dom s\u00fa podmienen\u00e9 rozli\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom k\u00a0danej skuto\u010dnosti, napr. d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd <\/em>(term\u00edn) \u2013 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 <\/em>(jubileum);<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0161pecifika\u010dn\u00e9 synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong>, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch ide o\u00a0rozdielny prvok v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho a\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9ho, napr. cesta \u2013 dia\u013enica<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  • intenzifika\u010dn\u00e9 synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong>, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch sa uv\u00e1dza rozdielny stupe\u0148, intenzita z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu, napr. pr\u0161a\u0165 \u2013 lia\u0165 \u2013 mrholi\u0165<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  • slovotvorn\u00e9 synonym\u00e1<\/em> s odli\u0161n\u00fdm<\/em><\/strong> prefixom<\/em><\/strong>prefixom (slovotvorn\u00e1 predpona)<\/span><\/span>, napr. mimoman\u017eelsk\u00fd \u2013 neman\u017eelsk\u00fd,<\/em> oblieva\u010dka \u2013 polieva\u010dka, <\/em><\/li>\n \t
  • slovotvorn\u00e9 synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> s odli\u0161n\u00fdm <\/em><\/strong>sufixom<\/em><\/strong>sufixom (slovotvorn\u00e1 pr\u00edpona)<\/span><\/span>, napr. schodisko \u2013 schodi\u0161te, gomb\u00edk \u2013 gombi\u010dka<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  • synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> s \u00fapln\u00fdm a skr\u00e1ten\u00fdm n\u00e1zvom<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em> Slovensk\u00e1 republika \u2013 SR;<\/em><\/li>\n \t
  • synonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> vo forme jednoslovn\u00fdch a viacslovn\u00fdch pomenovan\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>, napr. ml\u010da\u0165 \u2013 dr\u017ea\u0165 jazyk za zubami, \u013e\u00fabi\u0165 \u2013 ma\u0165 r\u00e1d.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u0160tylistick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie synon\u00fdm:<\/strong> prim\u00e1rne pri tvorbe a pri formulovan\u00ed jazykov\u00fdch prejavov, a\u00a0to pri h\u013eadan\u00ed optim\u00e1lnych v\u00fdrazov\u00fdch prostriedkov, pri zbavovan\u00ed prejavu jednotv\u00e1rnosti a \u010dast\u00e9ho opakovania slov ako variabiliza\u010dn\u00fd prostriedok, preto\u017ee synonym\u00e1 s\u00fa d\u00f4kazom v\u0161estrannosti a\u00a0vypracovanosti jazyka. Hovorov\u00fd, umeleck\u00fd a\u00a0publicistick\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl sa vyzna\u010duje vysok\u00fdm stup\u0148om synonymie na dosiahnutie nev\u0161ednosti, zauj\u00edmavosti a \u017eivosti jazykov\u00e9ho prejavu. V\u00a0umeleck\u00fdch textoch sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa synonym\u00e1 na estetiz\u00e1ciu textu. Synonymn\u00e9 prostriedky sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako prostriedky zafarbuj\u00face text, napr\u00edklad s\u00a0cie\u013eom charakteriz\u00e1cie post\u00e1v \u010di prostredia. V\u00a0r\u00e9torickom \u0161t\u00fdle sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na grad\u00e1ciu v\u00fdrazu. \u010c\u00edm je jazyk bohat\u0161\u00ed na synonymn\u00e9 prostriedky, t\u00fdm lep\u0161ie predpoklady m\u00e1 pre bohat\u0161iu \u0161tyliz\u00e1ciu (porov. Mistr\u00edk, 1997; \u010cechov\u00e1, Kr\u010dmov\u00e1, Min\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, 2008).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI SYNONYMIA SYNONYMIA poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0gr\u00e9\u010dtiny zo slova syn\u00f3nymus: syn- = spolu, onoma = meno a\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed rovnozna\u010dnos\u0165. Ide o s\u00e9mantick\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi form\u00e1lne rozdielnymi (odli\u0161n\u00fdmi) jazykov\u00fdmi jednotkami so zhodn\u00fdm, toto\u017en\u00fdm alebo podobn\u00fdm, bl\u00edzkym v\u00fdznamom. Je to jav, ke\u010f sa jedna vec pomen\u00fava viacer\u00fdmi slovami. V\u00a0procese synonymie vznikaj\u00fa synonym\u00e1 ako rovnozna\u010dn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1657","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1657","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1657"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5822,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1657\/revisions\/5822"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}