{"id":1659,"date":"2023-02-28T13:17:17","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:17:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1659"},"modified":"2023-05-05T09:44:39","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T07:44:39","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-2-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-2-5"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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ANTONYMIA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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ANTONYMIA:<\/strong> slovo poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0gr\u00e9\u010dtiny: anti-<\/em> = proti, onoma<\/em> = meno a\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed jav, ke\u010f ved\u013ea seba existuj\u00fa lexik\u00e1lne jednotky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa form\u00e1lne navz\u00e1jom odli\u0161n\u00e9 a\u00a0s\u00e9manticky protire\u010div\u00e9. Slov\u00e1 s\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00fdm, protikladn\u00fdm alebo protire\u010div\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom s\u00fa antonym\u00e1 = <\/em>opozit\u00e1<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 tvoria naj\u010dastej\u0161ie dvojice, napr. de\u0148 \u2013 noc, dobr\u00fd \u2013 zl\u00fd<\/em>. Antonym\u00e1 vznikaj\u00fa vtedy, ke\u010f sa vyjadruj\u00fa protikladn\u00e9 pojmy \u010dasu (v\u010dera \u2013 dnes)<\/em>, miesta (hore \u2013 dolu)<\/em>, priestranstva (v\u00fdchod \u2013 z\u00e1pad)<\/em>, miery (\u010faleko \u2013 bl\u00edzko)<\/em>, rozmeru (ve\u013ek\u00fd \u2013 mal\u00fd)<\/em>, objemu (hrub\u00fd \u2013 tenk\u00fd)<\/em>, stavu (zdrav\u00fd \u2013 chor\u00fd)<\/em>, \u010dinnosti (pracova\u0165 \u2013 le\u0148o\u0161i\u0165)<\/em> a\u00a0pod. (Ondrus, Horeck\u00fd, Furd\u00edk, 1980, s. 174). Antonym\u00e1 patria v\u017edy k\u00a0tomu ist\u00e9mu slovn\u00e9mu druhu, preto\u017ee pomen\u00favaj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa skupinu slov.<\/p>\n

Antonym\u00e1 \u010dlen\u00edme<\/u> pod\u013ea viacer\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed (z form\u00e1lno-s\u00e9mantick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska a\u00a0v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska) a\u00a0pod\u013ea toho rozli\u0161ujeme napr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n

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  • z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 <\/em>antonym\u00e1<\/strong> \u2013 kontrastn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 s rozli\u010dn\u00fdm kore\u0148om, napr. plytk\u00fd \u2013 hlbok\u00fd, pla\u010d \u2013 smiech<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  • odvoden\u00e9 antonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 kontrastn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 so zhodn\u00fdm kore\u0148om a s odli\u0161n\u00fdmi prefixmi, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie dom\u00e1cimi (ne-, bez-,<\/em> pri-, roz-, od-<\/em>) alebo aj internacion\u00e1lnymi (a-, anti-, ab-, pa-, in-, i-, im-, dis-, pseudo-, kontra-<\/em>), napr. farebn\u00fd \u2013 bezfarebn\u00fd, priteka\u0165 \u2013 odteka\u0165, pr\u00eds\u0165 \u2013 od\u00eds\u0165<\/em>, leg\u00e1lny \u2013 ileg\u00e1lny, norm\u00e1lny \u2013 abnorm\u00e1lny, veda \u2013 paveda, harm\u00f3nia \u2013 disharm\u00f3nia, soci\u00e1lny \u2013 antisoci\u00e1lny, produkt\u00edvny \u2013 kontraprodukt\u00edvny<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
  • opozit\u00e1 = protikladn\u00e9 slov\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> stojace na opa\u010dn\u00fdch p\u00f3loch, ale ktor\u00fdm nemo\u017eno priradi\u0165 kladn\u00fd alebo z\u00e1porn\u00fd pr\u00edznak (plus a\u00a0m\u00ednus), napr. za\u010d\u00edna\u0165 \u2013 kon\u010di\u0165, \u017eena \u2013 mu\u017e<\/em>;<\/li>\n
  • vektorov\u00e9 antonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 v ktor\u00fdch sa prejavuje direk\u010dnos\u0165, \u010di\u017ee protichodnos\u0165 v kvantite alebo v orient\u00e1cii, napr. pr\u00eds\u0165 \u2013 od\u00eds\u0165, donies\u0165 \u2013 odnies\u0165, zarobi\u0165 \u2013 prerobi\u0165, ohria\u0165 \u2013 ochladi\u0165;<\/li> \n
  • pragmatick\u00e9 antonym\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 antonym\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v spolo\u010dnosti a pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom dan\u00e9ho jazyka vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako protichodn\u00e9, napr. liber\u00e1lny \u2013 konzervat\u00edvny, dovolenka \u2013 pr\u00e1ca, veriaci \u2013 ateista;<\/li>\n \t
  • antonym\u00e1<\/em> = protire\u010div\u00e9 slov\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> stojace na opa\u010dn\u00fdch p\u00f3loch a\u00a0obsahuj\u00face kladn\u00e9 alebo z\u00e1porn\u00e9 hodnotenie slova, tzn., \u017ee im mo\u017eno priradi\u0165 kladn\u00fd alebo z\u00e1porn\u00fd pr\u00edznak (plus a\u00a0m\u00ednus), napr. \u0161pinav\u00fd \u2013 \u010dist\u00fd, pekn\u00fd \u2013 \u0161kared\u00fd;<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u00a0r\u00e1mci opozi\u010dnosti sa vy\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa dva z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 podtypy (Ripka, Imrichov\u00e1, 2004, s. 83):<\/p>\n\n

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    • pol\u00e1rna (gradu\u00e1lna) antonymia<\/em><\/strong>, pri ktorej mo\u017eno v\u00a0dvojiciach synon\u00fdm vy\u010dleni\u0165 minim\u00e1lne jeden prechodov\u00fd stupe\u0148, napr. za\u010diatok<\/em> \u2013 (prostriedok) \u2013 koniec<\/em>, tepl\u00fd<\/em> \u2013 (letn\u00fd) \u2013 studen\u00fd<\/em>;<\/li>\n \t
    • komplement\u00e1rna (dopl\u0148uj\u00faca) antonymia<\/em><\/strong>, pri ktorej dvojice nemaj\u00fa medzi sebou prechodov\u00fd stupe\u0148 opozitnosti, napr. mu\u017e \u2013 \u017eena<\/em>, \u017eiv\u00fd \u2013 m\u0155tvy<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0160tylistick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie anton\u00fdm: <\/strong>hlavne v\u00a0re\u010dn\u00edckom, umeleckom a publicistickom \u0161t\u00fdle na zd\u00f4raznenie ur\u010dit\u00e9ho protikladu a\u00a0na vytvorenie nejak\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia. Formou kontrastn\u00fdch vyjadren\u00ed sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa hrani\u010dn\u00e9 javy kvantity, kvality a\u00a0vz\u0165ahu, napr. S\u00fdty hladn\u00e9mu never\u00ed., Nie je ani mlad\u00fd, ani star\u00fd.<\/em> Antonymick\u00fd v\u00fdraz sa pou\u017e\u00edva aj ako prostriedok ir\u00f3nie, napr. To je ale odborn\u00edk!<\/em> Alebo sa princ\u00edp kontrastu, teda v\u00fdznamov\u00e1 protikladnos\u0165 alebo protire\u010divos\u0165\u00a0 slov, vyu\u017e\u00edva prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161tylistickej fig\u00fary oxymoron<\/em><\/strong>, napr.: v\u00fdre\u010dn\u00e9 ticho, zdrav\u00fd nemocn\u00fd, chudobn\u00ed boh\u00e1\u010di, krut\u00e1 \u013e\u00fabos\u0165<\/em>. Na antonymickom vz\u0165ahu je zalo\u017een\u00e1 aj fig\u00fara antit\u00e9za<\/em><\/strong> (porovn\u00e1vanie protikladom), napr. Mlados\u0165 \u2013 rados\u0165, staroba \u2013 choroba., R\u00e1no b\u00fdva m\u00fadrej\u0161ie ve\u010dera<\/em>. Antonymia sa vyu\u017e\u00edva pri hromaden\u00ed synon\u00fdm, pri\u010dom jeden z komponentov je v\u00a0z\u00e1pore, napr. zle-nedobre<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI ANTONYMIA ANTONYMIA: slovo poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0gr\u00e9\u010dtiny: anti- = proti, onoma = meno a\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed jav, ke\u010f ved\u013ea seba existuj\u00fa lexik\u00e1lne jednotky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa form\u00e1lne navz\u00e1jom odli\u0161n\u00e9 a\u00a0s\u00e9manticky protire\u010div\u00e9. Slov\u00e1 s\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00fdm, protikladn\u00fdm alebo protire\u010div\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom s\u00fa antonym\u00e1 = opozit\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 tvoria naj\u010dastej\u0161ie dvojice, napr. de\u0148 \u2013 noc, dobr\u00fd \u2013 zl\u00fd. Antonym\u00e1 vznikaj\u00fa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1659","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1659"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7068,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1659\/revisions\/7068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}