{"id":1679,"date":"2023-02-28T13:21:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1679"},"modified":"2023-05-05T10:29:54","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T08:29:54","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-5-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-5-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-5-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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STAR\u00c9 LEX\u00c9MY<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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STAR\u00c9 LEX\u00c9MY<\/strong> \u010dlen\u00edme pod\u013ea stup\u0148a zastarania na:<\/p>\n\n

    \n \t
  • historizmy,<\/li>\n \t
  • archaizmy,<\/li>\n \t
  • zastaran\u00e9 a zastar\u00e1vaj\u00face slov\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Historizmy<\/strong> s\u00fa slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 kedysi pomen\u00favali re\u00e1lie a\u00a0javy, dnes patria do minulosti. Ke\u010f\u017ee sa tieto slov\u00e1 prestali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 a\u00a0zanikli, tieto lex\u00e9my v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnom jazyku neexistuj\u00fa. Historizmy nemaj\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnom spisovnom jazyku neutr\u00e1lne synonym\u00e1.\u00a0 Vyskytuj\u00fa sa v\u00a0historick\u00fdch rom\u00e1noch, historick\u00fdch odborn\u00fdch a dejepisn\u00fdch textoch \u010dasto ako term\u00edny. Historizmy s\u00fa spracovan\u00e9 v\u00a07 zv\u00e4zkoch slovn\u00edka s n\u00e1zvom Historick\u00fd slovn\u00edk slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/em> (1991 \u2013<\/em> 2008) a zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa slovn\u00fa z\u00e1sobu z predspisovn\u00e9ho obdobia od najstar\u0161\u00edch \u010dias. V\u00a0textoch sa musia vysvet\u013eova\u0165 ako cudzie slov\u00e1 so zrete\u013eom na ich s\u00e9mantiku, ktor\u00fa mali kedysi a\u00a0ak\u00fa by mali dnes (Mistr\u00edk, 1989, s. 67). Napr\u00edklad: merica<\/em> \u2013 obsahov\u00e1 miera na sypaniny s obsahom 30 \u2013 60 litrov, fel\u010diar \u2013 <\/em>lie\u010dite\u013e alebo masti\u010dk\u00e1r, kuruc <\/em>\u2013 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk stavovsk\u00fdch povstan\u00ed v 17. a 18. stor. v Uhorsku, dere\u0161<\/em> \u2013 lavica sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na v\u00fdkon trestu bit\u00edm, batali\u00f3n<\/em> \u2013\u00a0 vojensk\u00fd oddiel. Vo v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch\u00a0slovn\u00edkoch sa historizmy ozna\u010duj\u00fa skratkou hist<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Archaizmy <\/strong>s\u00fa slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa prestali akt\u00edvne pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 preto, lebo sa na ozna\u010denie t\u00fdch ist\u00fdch re\u00e1li\u00ed a javov za\u010dali namiesto nich pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 in\u00e9 slov\u00e1 s t\u00fdmi ist\u00fdmi v\u00fdznamami, ktor\u00e9 ich vyjadruj\u00fa primeranej\u0161ie ako ustupuj\u00face slov\u00e1 (Ondrus, Horeck\u00fd, Furd\u00edk, 1980, s. 185). Archaizmy sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa s\u00a0ist\u00fdm \u0161tylistick\u00fdm z\u00e1merom ako charakteriza\u010dn\u00fd prostriedok doby v umeleck\u00fdch textoch alebo na vyvolanie komiky \u010di ir\u00f3nie, v esejistike a\u00a0r\u00e9torike. Archaizmy maj\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnom jazyku neutr\u00e1lne synonym\u00e1, napr. meru\u00f4smy<\/em> \u2013 1848, \u010dier\u0165a\u017e <\/em>\u2013 hranica, dolie\u0165<\/em> \u2013 vl\u00e1da\u0165. Vo v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch\u00a0slovn\u00edkoch sa archaick\u00e9 slov\u00e1 ozna\u010duj\u00fa skratkou arch<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Zastaran\u00e9 <\/strong>a zastar\u00e1vaj\u00face slov\u00e1<\/strong> s\u00fa pomenovania, ktor\u00e9 zo s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edvania ustupuj\u00fa, no vyskytuj\u00fa sa e\u0161te v slovn\u00edku star\u0161ej gener\u00e1cie. T\u00fdm, \u017ee sa v\u00a0slovnom fonde mlad\u0161ej gener\u00e1cie akt\u00edvne nevyskytuj\u00fa, postupne sa zab\u00fadaj\u00fa, zanikaj\u00fa a\u017e vypadn\u00fa z\u00a0akt\u00edvneho fondu slovnej z\u00e1soby \u2013 prejd\u00fa do pas\u00edvnej slovnej z\u00e1soby. Vo v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch\u00a0slovn\u00edkoch sa \u010dasov\u00fd pr\u00edznak zastar\u00e1vaj\u00facich a\u00a0zastaran\u00fdch slov ozna\u010duje skratkami: zastar\u00e1v.<\/em> a\u00a0zastar.<\/em> Niekedy sa pr\u00edznak zastarania vrstv\u00ed na \u0161tylistick\u00fd pr\u00edznak v\u00a0ur\u010ditej lex\u00e9me, napr. kni\u017e. zastar. \u010dlovectvo <\/em>\u2013 \u013eudskos\u0165, kni\u017e. zastar. bratobijec<\/em> \u2013 bratovrah, zastar. b\u00e1s. cnota <\/em>\u2013 cnos\u0165, gram. zastar. \u010dasoslovo<\/em> \u2013 sloveso.<\/p>\n

    Zastaran\u00e9 a\u00a0zastar\u00e1vaj\u00face slov\u00e1 rad\u00edme pod\u013ea zastarania do:<\/p>\n\n

    \n I. stup\u0148a (zastar\u00e1vaj\u00face slov\u00e1)<\/strong>,\u00a0ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho jazyka s\u00fa e\u0161te zn\u00e1me, napr. ma\u0161\u00edrova\u0165<\/em> \u2013 pochodova\u0165, bel\u010dov<\/em> \u2013 dreven\u00e1 kol\u00edska, magaz\u00edn<\/em> \u2013 sklad, \u0161pac\u00edrka<\/em> \u2013 prech\u00e1dzka, garsoni\u00e9ra <\/em>\u2013 gars\u00f3nka, apo<\/em> \u2013 otec;<\/li>\n

    II. stup\u0148a (zastaran\u00e9 slov\u00e1)<\/strong>, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdznam zastaran\u00fdch slov s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvatelia nepoznaj\u00fa bez vysvetlenia. K\u00a0zastaran\u00fdm slov\u00e1m patria napr. feru\u013ea<\/em> \u2013 palica, kas\u0148a<\/em> \u2013 skri\u0148a, blan\u00e1r <\/em>\u2013 ko\u017eu\u0161n\u00edk, cirke\u013e <\/em>\u2013 kru\u017eidlo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI STAR\u00c9 LEX\u00c9MY STAR\u00c9 LEX\u00c9MY \u010dlen\u00edme pod\u013ea stup\u0148a zastarania na: historizmy, archaizmy, zastaran\u00e9 a zastar\u00e1vaj\u00face slov\u00e1. \u00a0 Historizmy s\u00fa slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 kedysi pomen\u00favali re\u00e1lie a\u00a0javy, dnes patria do minulosti. Ke\u010f\u017ee sa tieto slov\u00e1 prestali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 a\u00a0zanikli, tieto lex\u00e9my v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnom jazyku neexistuj\u00fa. Historizmy nemaj\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnom spisovnom jazyku neutr\u00e1lne synonym\u00e1.\u00a0 Vyskytuj\u00fa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1679","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1679","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1679"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1679\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7101,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1679\/revisions\/7101"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1679"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}