{"id":1685,"date":"2023-02-28T13:22:10","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:22:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1685"},"modified":"2023-03-01T09:28:16","modified_gmt":"2023-03-01T08:28:16","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-6-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-6-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-6-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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EXPRES\u00cdVNE SLOV\u00c1 S KLADN\u00ddM ODTIENKOM<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Deminut\u00edva <\/strong>(zdrobneniny) zdrob.<\/em> vyjadruj\u00fa kvantitu, resp. men\u0161\u00ed rozmer, men\u0161iu mieru nie\u010doho alebo ist\u00fd postoj prostredn\u00edctvom typick\u00fdch zdrob\u0148uj\u00facich pr\u00edpon (–<\/em>\u010dek, -e\u010dko, -\u00edk, -ok, -o\u010dka), napr. kon\u00edk, gu\u013e\u00f4\u010dka, kvietok<\/em>. Deminut\u00edva vyjadruj\u00fa aj kvalitu, m\u00f4\u017eu vyjadrova\u0165 kladn\u00fd (mamulienka, dc\u00e9ru\u0161ka<\/em>) alebo z\u00e1porn\u00fd expres\u00edvny postoj hovoriaceho \u2013 ir\u00f3niu, napr. rom\u00e1nik<\/em>. Niektor\u00e9 pomenovania, najm\u00e4 term\u00edny, sa v\u00a0jazykovom vedom\u00ed nepoci\u0165uj\u00fa ako zdrobnen\u00e9 \u010di expres\u00edvne, napr. hodinky, p\u00edlka, ly\u017ei\u010dka<\/em>.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

Eufemizmy <\/strong>(zjem\u0148uj\u00face slov\u00e1, meliorat\u00edva) zjemn.<\/em> zjem\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdznam slova tak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, \u017ee nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 alebo spolo\u010densky nevhodn\u00e9 javy vyjadruj\u00fa zastreto, jemnej\u0161ie, obrazne, napr. neboh\u00fd<\/em> (namiesto m\u0155tvy<\/em>), zaokr\u00fahli\u0165 sa <\/em>(namiesto stu\u010dnie\u0165<\/em>). Oproti nocion\u00e1lnemu v\u00fdrazu s\u00fa meliorat\u00edva nosite\u013emi kladn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0pomen\u00favan\u00e9mu objektu (popapa\u0165<\/em>), ale niekedy sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj s\u00a0ironick\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom. Vyskytuj\u00fa sa vo verejn\u00fdch\u00a0 a\u00a0sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fdch prejavoch s\u00a0cie\u013eom prekry\u0165 alebo jemne vyjadri\u0165 drastick\u00fa skuto\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

Famili\u00e1rne slov\u00e1<\/strong> (familiarizmy) fam.<\/em> s\u00fa expres\u00edvne dom\u00e1ce oslovenia, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v\u00a0d\u00f4vernom styku bl\u00edzkych os\u00f4b v\u00a0kruhu rodiny a bl\u00edzkych zn\u00e1mych, napr. stark\u00fd<\/em> (oslovenie man\u017eela), zlatko, zlat\u00ed\u010dko<\/em>. Popri pojmovej, rozumovej zlo\u017eke sa pri nich prejavuje aj kladn\u00e9 citov\u00e9 alebo v\u00f4\u013eov\u00e9 zafarbenie. Famili\u00e1rne oslovenia m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 zo\u00a0slovnodruhov\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska podobu podstatn\u00e9ho mena (srdce, zlatko)<\/em> alebo z\u00e1mena (m\u00f4j, moja)<\/em>. Famili\u00e1rne oslovenia s\u00fa spo\u010diatku motivovan\u00e9 a\u00a0plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9 (stark\u00e1, srdie\u010dko, mil\u00e1\u010dik<\/em>), ale postupne sa motiv\u00e1cia str\u00e1ca a\u00a0opakovan\u00edm \u00faplne vymizne (Ripka, Imrichov\u00e1, 2004, s. 91). Spo\u010diatku kles\u00e1 frekvencia v\u00fdskytu famili\u00e1rneho oslovenia a\u00a0nahr\u00e1dza ho iba z\u00e1meno, no a\u00a0nakoniec sa vytrat\u00ed aj oslovenie z\u00e1menom a adres\u00e1t reaguje len na v\u00fdzvu dan\u00fa pohybom hlavy, o\u010d\u00ed \u010di dotykom \u2013 \u010di\u017ee famili\u00e1rne oslovenia nahradia neverb\u00e1lne prostriedky v\u00a0prirodzenom procese demotiv\u00e1cie (porov. Mistr\u00edk, 1998, s. 55).<\/p>

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

Hypokoristik\u00e1 <\/strong>(laudat\u00edva) hypok.<\/em> s\u00fa d\u00f4vern\u00e9, maznav\u00e9 a\u00a0int\u00edmne expres\u00edvne slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v\u00a0d\u00f4vernom styku rodiny a\u00a0pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch, bl\u00edzkych os\u00f4b najm\u00e4 v osloveniach. Tvoria sa od v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch podstatn\u00fdch mien pomocou pr\u00edpon -u\u013eka, -\u00edk, -\u010dek, -\u010dka, -i\u010dka, -ok, -ienka, napr. tato, mamka, babka, dedo, mamu\u013eka, srdienko, nevesti\u010dka<\/em> a\u00a0od vlastn\u00fdch rodn\u00fdch mien, napr. Jan\u00edk, Evi\u010dka, Jo\u017eko, Ka\u0165a<\/em>.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

Detsk\u00e9 slov\u00e1<\/strong> det.<\/em> s\u00fa v\u00fdrazy detskej re\u010di, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa maznav\u00e9 a\u00a0l\u00e1skaj\u00face, niekedy sa vy\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa samostatne, inokedy sa pri\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa k\u00a0hypokoristik\u00e1m, napr. havo<\/em>, ha\u010dka\u0165 si,<\/em> papa\u0165<\/em>, \u010da\u010da, hami<\/em>. Pod\u013ea Z. Ondr\u00e1\u010dkovej (2008, s. 251) je pre detsk\u00e9 slov\u00e1 charakteristick\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 miera citovej zaanga\u017eovanosti. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00fa to slov\u00e1 pr\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 nielen pre deti, teda slov\u00e1 detskej re\u010di, ale aj slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v rozhovore s de\u0165mi, teda v komunik\u00e1cii dospel\u00fdch (alebo star\u0161\u00edch det\u00ed) s\u00a0de\u0165mi (Ondr\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, 2008, s. 253).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI EXPRES\u00cdVNE SLOV\u00c1 S KLADN\u00ddM ODTIENKOM Deminut\u00edva (zdrobneniny) zdrob. vyjadruj\u00fa kvantitu, resp. men\u0161\u00ed rozmer, men\u0161iu mieru nie\u010doho alebo ist\u00fd postoj prostredn\u00edctvom typick\u00fdch zdrob\u0148uj\u00facich pr\u00edpon (–\u010dek, -e\u010dko, -\u00edk, -ok, -o\u010dka), napr. kon\u00edk, gu\u013e\u00f4\u010dka, kvietok. Deminut\u00edva vyjadruj\u00fa aj kvalitu, m\u00f4\u017eu vyjadrova\u0165 kladn\u00fd (mamulienka, dc\u00e9ru\u0161ka) alebo z\u00e1porn\u00fd expres\u00edvny postoj hovoriaceho \u2013 ir\u00f3niu, napr. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1685","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1685"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1946,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1685\/revisions\/1946"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}