{"id":1691,"date":"2023-02-28T13:23:31","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:23:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1691"},"modified":"2023-05-05T12:09:00","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T10:09:00","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-7-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-7-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-7-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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PREBERANIE LEXIK\u00c1LNYCH JEDNOTIEK<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Preberanie alebo adapt\u00e1cia nov\u00fdch cudz\u00edch v\u00fdrazov do dom\u00e1ceho jazyka predstavuje zlo\u017eit\u00fd proces, ke\u010f dan\u00e9 slovo prech\u00e1dza do dom\u00e1ceho jazyka ist\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi zmenami. Nie je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby sa ka\u017ed\u00fd inojazy\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdraz v sloven\u010dine udom\u00e1cnil. V priebehu pou\u017e\u00edvania sa slovo m\u00f4\u017ee prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 a z\u00edska\u0165 v slovnej z\u00e1sobe n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho jazyka neutr\u00e1lne postavenie, pr\u00edpadne sa m\u00f4\u017ee s ist\u00fdmi \u0161tylistick\u00fdmi pr\u00edznakmi udom\u00e1cni\u0165 v nespisovnej \u010dasti slovnej z\u00e1soby. Ak pou\u017e\u00edvatelia inojazy\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdraz prestan\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v komunika\u010dnej praxi, z okraja slovnej z\u00e1soby toto slovo \u00faplne vypadne. Tento proces je ve\u013emi individu\u00e1lny a nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 predpoklada\u0165, ktor\u00fd v\u00fdraz m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed potenci\u00e1l adaptova\u0165 sa v preberaj\u00facom jazyku. Rovnako ako sa ned\u00e1 predpoklada\u0165 ani \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fadaj, kedy sa inojazy\u010dn\u00fd preberan\u00fd v\u00fdraz stane dom\u00e1cim alebo \u010di zanikne. \u201eNemo\u017eno vymedzi\u0165 nejak\u00fa osved\u010den\u00fa \u201e\u0161abl\u00f3nu\u201c, pod\u013ea ktorej by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 stanovi\u0165 sp\u00f4sob adapt\u00e1cie a\u00a0integr\u00e1cie.\u201c <\/em>(Olo\u0161tiak, 2017, s. 95)<\/p>\n

Preberanie z\u00e1vis\u00ed teda od viacer\u00fdch faktorov:<\/p>\n\n

    \n \t
  1. pou\u017e\u00edvatelia jazyka v danej jazykovej situ\u00e1cii;<\/li>\n \t
  2. \u010das a priestor, ktor\u00fd pouk\u00e1\u017ee na potrebu a frekvenciu pou\u017e\u00edvania inojazy\u010dn\u00fdch slov;<\/li>\n \t
  3. na poslednom mieste maj\u00fa slovo jazykovedci, ktor\u00ed primeran\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom reguluj\u00fa dan\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy, aby pou\u017e\u00edvanie dan\u00fdch v\u00fdrazov u\u013eah\u010dili a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zladili so syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi pravidlami dom\u00e1ceho jazyka.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Lexika slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka sa vyrovnala s prebran\u00fdmi \u010di vypo\u017ei\u010dan\u00fdmi slovami r\u00f4zne:<\/p>\n\n

      \n \t
    • s\u00fabor prevzat\u00fdch slov sa \u00faplne zdom\u00e1cnil (slovo zdom\u00e1cnelo nato\u013eko, \u017ee ho pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e jazyka nepova\u017euje za cudzie ani ru\u0161iv\u00e9),<\/li>\n \t
    • s\u00fabor prevzat\u00fdch slov sa zdom\u00e1cnil len \u010diasto\u010dne,<\/li>\n \t
    • s\u00fabor prevzat\u00fdch slov sa v\u00f4bec nezdom\u00e1cnil (pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e jazyka ich pova\u017euje za cudzie),<\/li>\n \t
    • vypo\u017ei\u010dan\u00e9 slov\u00e1 sa v sloven\u010dine neujali ani v ofici\u00e1lnej, ani v neofici\u00e1lnej sf\u00e9re pou\u017e\u00edvania slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka a slovensk\u00fd ekvivalent pomenovania ostal ako v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00fd pred cudz\u00edm prebrat\u00fdm v\u00fdrazom (porov. Kumorov\u00e1, 2016, s. 14 \u2013 31).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Lexiku mo\u017eno prebera\u0165 z in\u00fdch jazykov bu\u010f s\u00a0denot\u00e1tom\u00a0 (ozna\u010dovan\u00fdm objektom), napr. pizza, paella, <\/em>mascarpone<\/em>, sak\u00e9, <\/em>kivi, rifle, hamburger, <\/em>gyros, tortila<\/em>, alebo bez denot\u00e1tu , napr. harakiri, d\u017eudo, kuli, toreador, wrestling, cunami<\/em>, ide o tzv. exotizmy<\/em><\/strong> (tzv. idioetnicizmy, bezekvivalentn\u00e1 lexika). Predstavuj\u00fa \u010das\u0165 cudz\u00edch adaptovan\u00fdch v\u00fdrazov, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u00a0cie\u013eovom jazyku nedaj\u00fa prelo\u017ei\u0165, a preto sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v origin\u00e1lnej podobe.<\/p>\n

      V\u010dle\u0148ovanie prevzat\u00e9ho v\u00fdrazu do jazykov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu cie\u013eov\u00e9ho jazyka prebieha ako fonologick\u00e1, ortografick\u00e1, morfologick\u00e1, s\u00e9mantick\u00e1, slovotvorn\u00e1 a\u00a0\u0161tylistick\u00e1 adapt\u00e1cia, a\u00a0tak mnoh\u00e9 adaptovan\u00e9 lex\u00e9my postupne str\u00e1caj\u00fa pr\u00edznak cudzosti a\u00a0zdom\u00e1c\u0148uj\u00fa sa. Stupe\u0148 \u201ecudzosti\u201c prevzat\u00fdch lexik\u00e1lnych jednotiek je odstup\u0148ovan\u00fd v\u00a0\u0161k\u00e1le (porov. Orgo\u0148ov\u00e1, Bohunick\u00e1, 2011, s. 211):<\/p>\n\n

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      • cit\u00e1tov\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy,<\/li>\n \t
      • \u010diasto\u010dne zdom\u00e1cnen\u00e9 lex\u00e9my,<\/li>\n \t
      • \u00faplne adaptovan\u00e9 prevzatia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Cit\u00e1tov\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy<\/strong> s\u00fa ortograficky a ortoepicky neadaptovan\u00e9\/nev\u010dlenen\u00e9 lexik\u00e1lne jednotky do jazykov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu sloven\u010diny. Po prechode do sloven\u010diny s\u00fa gramaticky neohybn\u00fdmi v\u00fdrazmi a\u00a0s\u00fa v\u00fdznamovo a \u0161tylisticky nedotvoren\u00e9. S\u00fa reprodukovan\u00e9 v\u00a0tom jazyku, z\u00a0ktor\u00e9ho sa prevzali, \u010di\u017ee v\u00a0p\u00f4vodnom jazyku, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie s\u00fa latinsk\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu, menej franc\u00fazskeho a\u00a0anglick\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu. Niektor\u00e9 z frazeologizovan\u00fdch cit\u00e1tov\u00fdch v\u00fdrazov sa uplat\u0148uj\u00fa aj v prelo\u017eenej podobe (napr. circulus vitiosus \u2013 bludn\u00fd kruh<\/em>). S\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm kni\u017en\u00fdm prostriedkom. Vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa hlavne v\u00a0publicistike, administrat\u00edve, odborn\u00fdch textoch a\u00a0kni\u017en\u00fdch textoch. Cit\u00e1tov\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za internacionalizmyinternacionalizmus (medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd v\u00fdraz, globalizmus je prebran\u00e9 cudzie slovo medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho charakteru s\u00fa\u010dasne do viacer\u00fdch geneticky pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch aj nepr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch jazykov s cie\u013eom zabezpe\u010di\u0165 plynul\u00e9 porozumenie textom prostredn\u00edctvom rovnak\u00fdch \u010di \u010diasto\u010dne modifikovan\u00fdch foriem s rovnak\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom)<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n

        Spravidla s\u00fa to ust\u00e1len\u00e9 slovn\u00e9 spojenia a m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 charakter:<\/p>\n\n

          \n \t
        • neobrazn\u00fdch<\/em><\/strong>, teda terminologick\u00fdch pomenovan\u00ed<\/em><\/strong> (napr. persona non grata <\/em>\u2013 ne\u017eelan\u00e1 osoba, de facto <\/em>\u2013 v\u00a0skuto\u010dnosti, ad acta <\/em>\u2013 zalo\u017ei\u0165 do spisu, faux pas <\/em>\u2013 chybn\u00e9 konanie \u010di spr\u00e1vanie, fair play <\/em>\u2013 \u010destn\u00e1 hra);<\/li>\n \t
        • obrazn\u00fdch<\/em><\/strong>, teda frazeologizovan\u00fdch pomenovan\u00ed<\/em><\/strong> (napr. cherchez la femme<\/em> \u2013 za v\u0161etk\u00fdm h\u013eadaj \u017eenu, Hannibal ante portas <\/em>\u2013 Hanibal je pred br\u00e1nami ako hrozba nebezpe\u010denstva, c\u00b4est la vie <\/em>\u2013 to je \u017eivot).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u010ciasto\u010dne zdom\u00e1cnen\u00e9 lex\u00e9my<\/strong> s\u00fa \u010diasto\u010dne foneticko-fonologicky, ortograficky, morfologicky, resp. aj slovotvorne, s\u00e9manticky a \u0161tylisticky adaptovan\u00e9 jednotky, kde sa zachov\u00e1va ist\u00e1 miera cudzosti a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvatelia jazyka \u00a0ju aj poci\u0165uj\u00fa, napr. l\u00edzing, rap, rating<\/em>.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00daplne adaptovan\u00e9 prevzatia<\/strong>, resp. zdom\u00e1cnen\u00e9 slov\u00e1<\/strong> s\u00fa \u00faplne v\u010dlenen\u00e9 do preberaj\u00faceho syst\u00e9mu jazyka prevzatia, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 aj tzv. \u201ejazykov\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u017ei\u010dky\u201c<\/em><\/strong> , kde u\u017e nepoci\u0165ujeme cudz\u00ed p\u00f4vod, napr. \u0161kola<\/em> z\u00a0gr., filozofia <\/em>z\u00a0lat., kr\u00e1\u013e<\/em> z\u00a0nem., d\u017e\u00edp<\/em> z\u00a0angl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI PREBERANIE LEXIK\u00c1LNYCH JEDNOTIEK Preberanie alebo adapt\u00e1cia nov\u00fdch cudz\u00edch v\u00fdrazov do dom\u00e1ceho jazyka predstavuje zlo\u017eit\u00fd proces, ke\u010f dan\u00e9 slovo prech\u00e1dza do dom\u00e1ceho jazyka ist\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi zmenami. Nie je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby sa ka\u017ed\u00fd inojazy\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdraz v sloven\u010dine udom\u00e1cnil. V priebehu pou\u017e\u00edvania sa slovo m\u00f4\u017ee prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 a z\u00edska\u0165 v slovnej z\u00e1sobe n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1691","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1691"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1691\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7116,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1691\/revisions\/7116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}