{"id":1704,"date":"2023-02-28T13:26:30","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:26:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1704"},"modified":"2023-05-05T12:35:39","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T10:35:39","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-9-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-9-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-9-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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DERIVA\u010cN\u00c9 SLOVOTVORN\u00c9 POSTUPY<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Deriv\u00e1cia (odvodzovanie) <\/strong>je v\u00a0sloven\u010dine najprodukt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob roz\u0161irovania slovnej z\u00e1soby (viac ako 80 % slovotvorne motivovan\u00fdch slov je utvoren\u00fdch v\u00a0procese deriv\u00e1cie).\u00a0 Ide o proces vzniku jednoslovn\u00e9ho pomenovania zmenou morfematickej \u0161trukt\u00fary u\u017e existuj\u00faceho slova \u010di slovn\u00e9ho spojenia.<\/p>

Rozli\u0161ujeme tieto slovotvorn\u00e9 deriva\u010dn\u00e9 postupy:<\/p>

  • sufix\u00e1cia,<\/li>
  • prefix\u00e1cia,<\/li>
  • transflexia,<\/li>
  • reflexiviz\u00e1cia,<\/li>
  • konfix\u00e1cia.<\/li><\/ul>

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

    Sufix\u00e1cia<\/strong> je tvorenie odvoden\u00fdch slov pomocou slovotvorn\u00fdch sufixov (pr\u00edpon)<\/strong>. V\u00a0sloven\u010dine ide o najprodukt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed slovotvorn\u00fd postup.<\/p>

    Sufix\u00e1cia sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na tvorenie:<\/p>

    • podstatn\u00fdch mien<\/em><\/strong> pomocou \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra substant\u00edvnych pr\u00edpon (u\u010dite\u013e \u2192 u\u010dite\u013e-ka<\/em>, strom \u2192 strom-\u010dek<\/em>, um\u00fdva\u0165 \u2192 um\u00fdva-\u010dka<\/em>, mo\u010diar \u2192 mo\u010dar-ina<\/em>, chodi\u0165 \u2192 chod-ec)<\/em>;<\/li>
    • slovies<\/em><\/strong> odvoden\u00fdch od frekventovan\u00fdch pr\u00edpon -ova\u0165<\/em>, -n\u00fa\u0165, -\u010di\u0165, -ka\u0165, -\u00e1va\u0165, -ieva\u0165 (hlad \u2192 hlad-<\/em>ova\u0165, star\u00fd \u2192 starn\u00fa\u0165, robi\u0165 \u2192 rob-ka\u0165, farm\u00e1r \u2192 farm\u00e1r-\u010di\u0165, robi\u0165 \u2192 rob-ieva\u0165, schova\u0165 \u2192 schov-\u00e1va\u0165)<\/em>;<\/li>
    • vz\u0165ahov\u00fdch adjekt\u00edv<\/em><\/strong> odvoden\u00fdch od podstatn\u00fdch mien (priemysel \u2192 priemysel-n\u00fd, smotana \u2192 smotan-ov\u00fd, t\u0155\u0148 \u2192 t\u0155\u0148-ist\u00fd, zem \u2192 zem- -it\u00fd, ko\u017ea \u2192 ko\u017e-en\u00fd)<\/em> a \u00a0individu\u00e1lnych privlast\u0148ovac\u00edch adjekt\u00edv<\/em><\/strong> prostredn\u00edctvom sufixov -ov<\/em> a -in<\/em> (<\/em>dc\u00e9ra \u2192 dc\u00e9r-in<\/em>, otec \u2192 otc-ov)<\/em>;<\/li>
    • pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch mien<\/em><\/strong> pri lexik\u00e1lnom stup\u0148ovan\u00ed, tzv. el\u00e1cii<\/em> (mil\u00fd \u2192 mil-ulink\u00fd<\/em>, \u0161irok\u00fd \u2192 \u0161irok-\u00e1nsky)<\/em>;<\/li>
    • pr\u00edsloviek <\/em><\/strong>odvoden\u00fdch od r\u00f4znych slovn\u00fdch druhov (\u00eds\u0165 \u2192 id\u00fac-ky, chu\u0165 \u2192 chu\u0165-ov-o)<\/em>;<\/li>
    • \u010d\u00edsloviek<\/em><\/strong> pomocou vlastn\u00fdch sufixov pre radov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslovky<\/em> (mili\u00f3n \u2192 mili\u00f3n-ty)<\/em>, pre druhov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslovky <\/em>(tri \u2192 troj-ak\u00fd)<\/em>, pre skupinov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslovky<\/em> (dva \u2192 dv-oje, \u0161es\u0165 \u2192 \u0161est-oro)<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul>

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

      Prefix\u00e1cia <\/strong>je tvorenie odvoden\u00fdch slov pomocou slovotvorn\u00fdch prostriedkov\u00a0 prefixov (predp\u00f4n)<\/strong>.<\/p>

      Prefix\u00e1cia sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na tvorenie:<\/p>

      • vidov\u00fdch foriem slovies<\/em><\/strong> (robi\u0165 \u2192 pre-robi\u0165, \u010d\u00edta\u0165 \u2192 do-\u010d\u00edta\u0165, sypa\u0165 \u2192 po-sypa\u0165)<\/em>;<\/li>
      • podstatn\u00fdch mien<\/em><\/strong> na vyjadrenie miestneho a \u010dasov\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu<\/em> (ve\u010der \u2192 podve\u010der, \u010das \u2192 nad\u010das)<\/em>, na vyjadrenie neg\u00e1cie <\/em>alebo sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa prefixy paraleln\u00e9 s\u00a0predlo\u017ekami (plavec \u2192 ne-plavec, man\u017eel \u2192 ex-man\u017eel, poru\u010d\u00edk \u2192 pod-poru\u010d\u00edk, l\u00e1tka \u2192 proti-l\u00e1tka, n\u00e1rodn\u00fd \u2192 medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd, premi\u00e9ra \u2192 derni\u00e9ra)<\/em>;<\/li>
      • adjekt\u00edv <\/em><\/strong>pri lexik\u00e1lnom stup\u0148ovan\u00ed, tzv. el\u00e1cii (ve\u013ek\u00fd \u2192 pre-ve\u013ek\u00fd, star\u00fd \u2192 pristar\u00fd)<\/em>, pri neg\u00e1cii<\/em>, (dospel\u00fd \u2192 ne-dospel\u00fd<\/em>,\u00a0pri tvorbe adjekt\u00edv s\u00a0prevzat\u00fdmi predponami<\/em> (modern\u00fd \u2192 ultramodern\u00fd)<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul>

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

        Transflexia<\/strong> je slovotvorn\u00fd postup, pri ktorom sa na slovotvorn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely vyu\u017e\u00edva s\u00fabor gramatick\u00fdch morf\u00e9m<\/strong>. Slovotvorn\u00fdm formantom je gramatick\u00e1 morf\u00e9ma ako celok (R \u2013 s\u00fabor rela\u010dn\u00fdch morf\u00e9m).<\/p>

        Transflexia sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na tvorenie:<\/p>

        • abstraktn\u00fdch podstatn\u00fdch mien<\/strong><\/em> odvoden\u00fdch od slovies (letie\u0165 \u2192 let-\u00f8, sko\u010di\u0165 \u2192 skok-\u00f8, vych\u00e1dza\u0165 \u2192 v\u00fdchod-\u00f8, rebelova\u0165 \u2192 rebel-\u00f8, vystavi\u0165 \u2192 v\u00fdstav-a, zakr\u00fati\u0165 \u2192 z\u00e1krut-a)<\/em>;<\/li>
        • podstatn\u00fdch mien <\/em><\/strong>pomen\u00favaj\u00facich n\u00e1zvy ml\u00e1\u010fat<\/em> (had \u2192 h\u00e1\u010f-a)<\/em>, prech\u00fdlen\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy<\/em> (sused \u2192 sused-a)<\/em>, hromadn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy<\/em> (skala \u2192 sk\u00e1l- -ie)<\/em>, konate\u013esk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy<\/em> (psychol\u00f3gia \u2192 psychol\u00f3g-\u00f8)<\/em>;<\/li>
        • podstatn\u00fdch mien<\/em><\/strong> odvoden\u00fdch od adjekt\u00edv (zdrav\u00fd \u2192 zdrav-ie, liber\u00e1l-n-y \u2192 liber\u00e1l-\u00f8)<\/em>;<\/li>
        • \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nych<\/em> (medve\u010f \u2192 medved-\u00ed)<\/em> a vlastnostn\u00fdch pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch mien<\/strong><\/em> (zlat-o \u2192 zlat-\u00fd)<\/em>;<\/li>
        • slovies <\/em><\/strong>odvoden\u00fdch od podstatn\u00fdch mien (kosa \u2192 kos-i\u0165, v\u00f4\u0148a \u2192 vo\u0148-a\u0165)<\/em>, od pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch mien (\u010dist-\u00fd \u2192 \u010dist-i\u0165, tu\u010dn-\u00fd \u2192 tu\u010dn-ie\u0165)<\/em> a\u00a0od slovies pri vidotvorbe (zarobi\u0165 \u2192 zar\u00e1b-a\u0165, posyp-a\u0165 \u2192 pos\u00fdp-a\u0165)<\/em>;<\/li>
        • pr\u00edsloviek<\/em><\/strong> odvoden\u00fdch od pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch mien (pekn\u00fd \u2192 pekn-e, mlad\u00fd \u2192 mlad-o)<\/em>;<\/li>
        • \u010d\u00edsloviek<\/em><\/strong>, pri\u010dom zo z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch vznikn\u00fa radov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslovky (p\u00e4\u0165 \u2192 piat-y, tis\u00edc \u2192 tis\u00edc-i)<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul>

          Reflexiviz\u00e1cia <\/strong>je slovotvorn\u00fd proces tvorenia v\u00fdznamov nov\u00e9ho slovesa pridan\u00edm samostatn\u00e9ho komponentu si\/sa<\/em><\/strong> (hra\u0165 \u2192 hra\u0165 sa; spieva\u0165 \u2192 spieva\u0165 si<\/em>).<\/p>

          Konfix\u00e1cia <\/strong>je tvorenie odvoden\u00fdch slov kombinovan\u00edm minim\u00e1lne dvoch formantov, napr\u00edklad predp\u00f4n alebo pr\u00edpon, pr\u00edp. gramatick\u00fdch tvarov. Formanty sa k slovotvorn\u00e9mu z\u00e1kladu prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasne a funk\u010dne tvoria jeden formant.<\/p>

          Typy postupov konfix\u00e1cie:<\/p>

          • prefix\u00e1lno-sufix\u00e1lny typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom prefix\u00e1cie + sufix\u00e1cie (domov \u2192 bez-domov-ec)<\/em>;<\/li>
          • prefix\u00e1lno-transflexn\u00fd typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom prefix\u00e1cie + transflexie (veta \u2192 s\u00fa-vet-ie)<\/em>;<\/li>
          • sufix\u00e1lno-reflexiviza\u010dn\u00fd<\/strong> typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom sufix\u00e1cie + reflexiviz\u00e1cie (lesk \u2192 lesk-n\u00fa\u0165 sa)<\/em>;<\/li>
          • prefix\u00e1lno-reflexiviza\u010dn\u00fd<\/strong> typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom prefix\u00e1cie + reflexiviz\u00e1cie (spa\u0165 \u2192 po-spa\u0165 si)<\/em>;<\/li>
          • transflexno-reflexiviza\u010dn\u00fd<\/strong> typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom transflexie + reflexiviz\u00e1cie (priate\u013e \u2192 priatel-i\u0165 sa)<\/em>;<\/li>
          • prefix\u00e1lno-transflexno-reflexiviza\u010dn\u00fd<\/strong> typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom prefix\u00e1cie + transflexie + reflexiviz\u00e1cie (kon\u00e1r \u2192 roz-kon\u00e1r-i\u0165 sa)<\/em>;<\/li>
          • prefix\u00e1lno-sufix\u00e1lno-reflexiviza\u010dn\u00fd<\/strong> typ<\/strong> je v\u00fdsledkom prefix\u00e1cie + sufix\u00e1cie + reflexiviz\u00e1cie (ve\u010der \u2192 z-ve\u010der-ieva\u0165 sa)<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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            LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI DERIVA\u010cN\u00c9 SLOVOTVORN\u00c9 POSTUPY Deriv\u00e1cia (odvodzovanie) je v\u00a0sloven\u010dine najprodukt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob roz\u0161irovania slovnej z\u00e1soby (viac ako 80 % slovotvorne motivovan\u00fdch slov je utvoren\u00fdch v\u00a0procese deriv\u00e1cie).\u00a0 Ide o proces vzniku jednoslovn\u00e9ho pomenovania zmenou morfematickej \u0161trukt\u00fary u\u017e existuj\u00faceho slova \u010di slovn\u00e9ho spojenia. Rozli\u0161ujeme tieto slovotvorn\u00e9 deriva\u010dn\u00e9 postupy: sufix\u00e1cia, prefix\u00e1cia, transflexia, reflexiviz\u00e1cia, konfix\u00e1cia. \u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1704","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1704","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1704"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1704\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7148,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1704\/revisions\/7148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1704"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}