{"id":1710,"date":"2023-02-28T13:29:24","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T12:29:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=1710"},"modified":"2023-03-01T10:44:07","modified_gmt":"2023-03-01T09:44:07","slug":"lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-10-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/lexikologia-slovenskeho-jazyka-v-ucitelskej-praxi-10-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lexikol\u00f3gia slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka v u\u010dite\u013eskej praxi-10-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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ABREVI\u00c1CIA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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ABREVI\u00c1CIA (SKRACOVANIE)<\/strong> je mechanick\u00e1 redukcia formy lex\u00e9my na minimum pri zachovan\u00ed p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu slova. Abrevi\u00e1cia je pretv\u00e1ranie jednoslovn\u00e9ho alebo viacslovn\u00e9ho lexik\u00e1lneho v\u00fdrazu na hl\u00e1sky (p\u00edsmen\u00e1), skupinu hl\u00e1sok (p\u00edsmen), slabiky alebo na kombin\u00e1cie morf\u00e9my s\u00a0in\u00fdmi segmentmi (Doln\u00edk, 2003, s. 164). V\u00fdsledkom skracovania s\u00fa skratky \u010di abrevi\u00e1ty<\/em><\/strong> alebo aj abreviat\u00fary<\/em><\/strong> ako ust\u00e1len\u00e9 (lexikalizovan\u00e9) lexik\u00e1lne jednotky, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00fa rovnak\u00fd objekt ako ich v\u00fdchodiskov\u00e1 lex\u00e9ma. <\/em>Cie\u013eom procesu abrevi\u00e1cie je \u00faspornos\u0165, \u010di\u017ee ekonomiz\u00e1cia v\u00a0jazyku.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Rozozn\u00e1vame tieto typy skratiek (porov. Doln\u00edk, 2003, 164 \u2013 165; Gavurov\u00e1, 2013, s. 30 \u2013 48):<\/p>

  • grafick\u00e9 skratky,<\/li>
  • graficko-zvukov\u00e9 (graficko-f\u00f3nick\u00e9) skratky,<\/li>
  • zvukov\u00e9 (f\u00f3nick\u00e9) skratky.<\/li><\/ul>

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

    Grafick\u00e9 skratky<\/strong> sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v p\u00edsomnom prejave a p\u00ed\u0161eme za nimi bodku (at\u010f., a pod.<\/em>), pri\u010dom sa vyslovuj\u00fa ako p\u00f4vodn\u00e9, neskr\u00e1ten\u00e9 slovo.<\/p>

    Vytv\u00e1rame ich pomocou postupu:<\/p>

    • pretv\u00e1rania v\u00fdberom po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdch (inici\u00e1lov\u00fdch) p\u00edsmen<\/em> alebo skup\u00edn p\u00edsmen na za\u010diatku slova<\/em> (to jest \u2192 j., <\/em>docent \u2192 doc.<\/em>)<\/li>
    • pretv\u00e1rania kontrakciou (s\u0165ahovan\u00edm)<\/em>, pri\u010dom sa uplat\u0148uje prv\u00e9 a\u00a0posledn\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno slova (doktor \u2192)<\/li>
    • pretv\u00e1rania \u0161tyliz\u00e1ciou<\/em>, v\u00fdberom charakteristick\u00fdch spoluhl\u00e1sok v\u00a0ich p\u00f4vodnom porad\u00ed (magister \u2192, <\/em>plukovn\u00edk \u2192 plk.<\/em>), pri\u010dom s\u00fa skratky tvoren\u00e9 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm prostredn\u00edctvom spoluhl\u00e1sok, ktor\u00e9 sa pri abrevi\u00e1cii ponech\u00e1vaj\u00fa a\u00a0st\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa nosite\u013eom inform\u00e1cie (porov. Gavurov\u00e1, 2013, s. 31). Patria sem aj zna\u010dky mern\u00fdch jednotiek<\/em><\/strong> (kg, Pa<\/em>) a matematick\u00e9 znaky<\/em><\/strong>, resp. symboly<\/em><\/strong> (-; +; x), za nimi nep\u00ed\u0161eme bodku. Zna\u010dky predstavuj\u00fa osobitn\u00fd typ skratiek a\u00a0maj\u00fa medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/li><\/ul>

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

      Graficko-zvukov\u00e9 <\/strong>(graficko-f\u00f3nick\u00e9) skratky<\/strong> vytv\u00e1rame pomocou postupu pretv\u00e1rania po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdch (inici\u00e1lov\u00fdch) p\u00edsmen alebo skup\u00edn p\u00edsmen na za\u010diatku slova a\u00a0je mo\u017en\u00e9 ich zvukovo realizova\u0165 hl\u00e1skovan\u00edm (SAD <\/em>\u2192 [es-\u00e1-d\u00e9]) alebo zoslovnen\u00edm (VEGA \u2192 <\/em>[vega]). Vyskytuj\u00fa sa v p\u00edsomnom i hovorenom prejave, z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00a0skratke d\u00f4js\u0165 k modifik\u00e1cii v\u00fdrazu pridan\u00edm deriva\u010dnej pr\u00edpony: SBS-ka, V\u00daC-ka, USB-\u010dko<\/em>.<\/p>

      Rozli\u0161ujeme 2 typy graficko-zvukov\u00fdch skratiek:<\/p>

      • inici\u00e1lov\u00e9 skratky<\/em><\/strong> sa tvoria zo za\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdch p\u00edsmen jednotliv\u00fdch slov zdru\u017een\u00e9ho pomenovania alebo vlastn\u00e9ho mena (DVD, SR, OSN<\/em>), v ofici\u00e1lnych prejavoch nesklo\u0148uj\u00fa, ale v\u00a0neform\u00e1lnych prejavoch sa m\u00f4\u017eu oh\u00fdba\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom sekund\u00e1rneho sklo\u0148ovania (CD-\u010dko, SMS-ka)<\/em>;<\/li>
      • inici\u00e1lov\u00e9 skratkov\u00e9 slov\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> (akronym\u00e1)<\/em> vznikaj\u00fa zo za\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdch p\u00edsmen viacslovn\u00e9ho pomenovania (<\/em>TANAP, NAPANT, IKEA, SMER, TESCO, UNESCO)<\/em>, p\u00ed\u0161u sa ve\u013ek\u00fdmi p\u00edsmenami a vyslovuj\u00fa sa ako neskratkov\u00e9 slov\u00e1 S\u013dUK <\/em>[s\u013euk], niektor\u00e9 s\u00fa nesklonn\u00e9 (v NASA<\/em>), in\u00e9 sa sklo\u0148uj\u00fa (v Tanape\/<\/em>v TANAP-e<\/em>).<\/li><\/ul>

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

        Zvukov\u00e9 <\/strong>(f\u00f3nick\u00e9) skratky<\/strong> sa tvoria tak, \u017ee do skratky m\u00f4\u017eu vst\u00fapi\u0165 okrem inici\u00e1lov\u00fdch aj \u010fal\u0161ie\u00a0 hl\u00e1sky (dovi, kilo, info, dopo<\/em>).<\/p>

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

        V\u00fdslovnos\u0165 inici\u00e1lov\u00fdch skratiek<\/strong> z\u00e1vis\u00ed od typu skratky, pri\u010dom v\u00fdslovnos\u0165 sa uv\u00e1dza za skratkami vo v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch slovn\u00edkoch hranat\u00fdmi z\u00e1tvorkami. Vo v\u00fdslovnosti skratiek sa\u00a0 m\u00f4\u017ee uplat\u0148ova\u0165 trojak\u00e9 hl\u00e1skovanie (porov. P\u00ed\u0161ov\u00e1, 2008, s. 12): slovensk\u00e9 hl\u00e1skovanie (PhD. <\/em>[p\u00e9-h\u00e1-d\u00e9]), cudzojazy\u010dn\u00e9 hl\u00e1skovanie (FBI <\/em>[ef-b\u00ed-aj]) alebo kol\u00edsav\u00e9 hl\u00e1skovanie (OECD <\/em>[\u00f3-\u00e9-c\u00e9-d\u00e9], [ou-\u00ed-s\u00ed-d\u00ed]).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        LEXIKOL\u00d3GIA SLOVENSK\u00c9HO JAZYKA V U\u010cITE\u013dSKEJ PRAXI ABREVI\u00c1CIA ABREVI\u00c1CIA (SKRACOVANIE) je mechanick\u00e1 redukcia formy lex\u00e9my na minimum pri zachovan\u00ed p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu slova. Abrevi\u00e1cia je pretv\u00e1ranie jednoslovn\u00e9ho alebo viacslovn\u00e9ho lexik\u00e1lneho v\u00fdrazu na hl\u00e1sky (p\u00edsmen\u00e1), skupinu hl\u00e1sok (p\u00edsmen), slabiky alebo na kombin\u00e1cie morf\u00e9my s\u00a0in\u00fdmi segmentmi (Doln\u00edk, 2003, s. 164). V\u00fdsledkom skracovania s\u00fa skratky \u010di abrevi\u00e1ty alebo aj abreviat\u00fary […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1710","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1710","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1710"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1710\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2019,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1710\/revisions\/2019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1710"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}