{"id":2127,"date":"2023-03-01T14:34:57","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T13:34:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=2127"},"modified":"2023-05-05T14:01:47","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T12:01:47","slug":"kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-1-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-1-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska-1-3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2127\" class=\"elementor elementor-2127\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-044d63c elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"044d63c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58519f2\" data-id=\"58519f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bae60d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bae60d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osvietenstvo a osvietensk\u00fd absolutizmus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V&nbsp;18. storo\u010d\u00ed s\u00faviseli mnoh\u00e9 celospolo\u010densk\u00e9 zmeny v&nbsp;Eur\u00f3pe s osvietenstvom. Toto ideov\u00e9 hnutie, ktor\u00e9 sa postupne formovalo v&nbsp;Anglicku (16. storo\u010die) a&nbsp;Franc\u00fazsku (17. storo\u010die), vytvorilo v&nbsp;historicko-politickom v\u00fdvoji eur\u00f3pskeho kontinentu nov\u00fa epochu. Pre osvietensk\u00fd sp\u00f4sob myslenia je typick\u00e1 otvoren\u00e1 kritika v\u0161etk\u00e9ho, \u010do je prek\u00e1\u017ekou pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed vlastn\u00e9ho rozumu. Jeho st\u00fapenci obhajovali slobodu \u013eudsk\u00e9ho jednotlivca a&nbsp;po\u017eadovali zabezpe\u010denie spravodlivosti a&nbsp;v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho blaha pre v\u0161etky spolo\u010densk\u00e9 triedy bez rozdielu. Osvietenstvo v\u0161ak nebolo jednoliatym fenom\u00e9nom. Na r\u00f4znych miestach sa prejavovalo odli\u0161ne. Vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii a&nbsp;Severnej Amerike sa osvietenstvo prikl\u00e1\u0148alo napr\u00edklad k&nbsp;roz\u0161irovaniu zvrchovanosti \u013eudu a obmedzovaniu vl\u00e1dnej moci. V&nbsp;stredoeur\u00f3pskom priestore sa v\u0161ak osvietenstvo \u010dasto orientovalo opa\u010dn\u00fdm smerom: k&nbsp;regul\u00e1cii, n\u00e1uke o&nbsp;\u0161t\u00e1te, poriadku a&nbsp;podriaden\u00ed sa jednotlivca spolo\u010dn\u00e9mu blahu tak, ako si ho predstavoval panovn\u00edk.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amb\u00edcie reformova\u0165 habsbursk\u00fa r\u00ed\u0161u mal u\u017e Karol VI. Viacer\u00e9 jeho pl\u00e1ny, ktor\u00e9 boli zameran\u00e9 napr\u00edklad na hospod\u00e1rsku konsolid\u00e1ciu \u010di technick\u00fa moderniz\u00e1ciu, sa v\u0161ak z d\u00f4vodu \u0161pecifick\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov v jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dastiach monarchie nepodarilo docieli\u0165. M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia pokra\u010dovala v reformnom \u00fasil\u00ed s e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm odhodlan\u00edm. Reformy boli viazan\u00e9 na jej s\u00fahlas a podporu. Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161ak na\u010falej vl\u00e1dla ako panovn\u00ed\u010dka <em>z Bo\u017eej milosti (Dei gratia)<\/em> a s absol\u00fatnou mocou, je mo\u017en\u00e9 ozna\u010di\u0165 jej formu panovania za reformn\u00fd, resp. osvietensk\u00fd absolutizmus. Okrem M\u00e1rie Ter\u00e9zie s\u00fa za hlavn\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov tejto met\u00f3dy a formy vl\u00e1dy v r\u00e1mci habsburskej monarchie pova\u017eovan\u00ed aj jej synovia Jozef II. a Leopold II. (1790 \u2013 1792). Reformy Jozefa II. boli nato\u013eko rozsiahle, \u017ee prakticky zmenili cel\u00fa s\u00fastavu \u0161t\u00e1tu. Leopold II. vl\u00e1dol len dva roky, a&nbsp;tak svoje reform\u00e1torsk\u00e9 amb\u00edcie nestihol naplni\u0165. V ostatn\u00fdch eur\u00f3pskych krajin\u00e1ch s\u00fa za hlavn\u00fdch reprezentantov osvietensk\u00e9ho absolutizmu ozna\u010dovan\u00ed: prusk\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e Fridrich II., rusk\u00e1 c\u00e1rovn\u00e1 Katar\u00edna II. Ve\u013ek\u00e1, \u0161v\u00e9dsky kr\u00e1\u013e Gust\u00e1v III. (1771 \u2013 1792), \u010di \u0161panielsky kr\u00e1\u013e Karol III. (1759 \u2013 1788).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnou \u010drtou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny osvietensk\u00fdch absolutistov bolo, \u017ee najvy\u0161\u0161iu hodnotu pre nich predstavoval \u0161t\u00e1t a&nbsp;jeho z\u00e1ujmom malo by\u0165 podriaden\u00e9 v\u0161etko \u013eudsk\u00e9 konanie. Dokonca aj sam\u00fdch seba pova\u017eovali za oby\u010dajn\u00fdch slu\u017eobn\u00edkov \u0161t\u00e1tu. V&nbsp;z\u00e1ujme jednoduch\u0161ieho zav\u00e1dzania osvietensk\u00fdch reforiem a&nbsp;lep\u0161ieho fungovania \u0161t\u00e1tu doch\u00e1dzalo k&nbsp;prehlbovaniu centraliz\u00e1cie. To viedlo k&nbsp;obmedzovaniu moci stavovsk\u00fdch snemov a&nbsp;limitovaniu stavovsk\u00fdch privil\u00e9gi\u00ed. V&nbsp;\u00faradoch sa za\u010dala presadzova\u0165 nov\u00e1 vrstva \u00faradn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed sa riadili jednotn\u00fdmi a&nbsp;presn\u00fdmi predpismi. T\u00edto vzdelan\u00ed byrokrati sa za svoju \u010dinnos\u0165 zodpovedali \u0161t\u00e1tu, ktor\u00fd ich menoval a&nbsp;platil. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa stali aj nosite\u013emi reforiem. V&nbsp;r\u00e1mci reformy s\u00fadnictva doch\u00e1dzalo k&nbsp;zjednocovaniu a&nbsp;zjednodu\u0161ovaniu z\u00e1konov, odstra\u0148ovaniu mu\u010denia a&nbsp;ne\u013eudsk\u00fdch fyzick\u00fdch trestov. Podpora vzdel\u00e1vania bola motivovan\u00e1 nielen potrebou vzdelan\u00fdch \u00faradn\u00edkov a&nbsp;vojakov, ale aj osvietenskou snahou odstr\u00e1nenia nevzdelanosti. Vo viacer\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch bola zav\u00e1dzan\u00e1 povinn\u00e1 \u0161kolsk\u00e1 doch\u00e1dzka, ktor\u00e1 mala v\u0161etk\u00fdm de\u0165om zaisti\u0165 aspo\u0148 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vzdelanie a&nbsp;vychova\u0165 ich k&nbsp;\u00facte a&nbsp;poslu\u0161nosti vo\u010di \u0161t\u00e1tu a&nbsp;panovn\u00edkovi. Pod \u0161t\u00e1tny doh\u013ead sa dost\u00e1vala aj cirkev. Kontrolovala sa napr\u00edklad v\u00fdchova duchovenstva. Mn\u00ed\u0161ske r\u00e1dy, ktor\u00e9 sa nezaoberali vzdel\u00e1van\u00edm, o\u0161etrovate\u013eskou \u010dinnos\u0165ou \u010di dobro\u010dinnos\u0165ou, boli ru\u0161en\u00e9 a&nbsp;ich majetky boli konfi\u0161kovan\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tom. V&nbsp;hospod\u00e1rskej oblasti sa osvietensk\u00ed panovn\u00edci sna\u017eili odstra\u0148ova\u0165 cechov\u00e9 obmedzenia a&nbsp;coln\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi oblas\u0165ami r\u00ed\u0161e a&nbsp;vytvori\u0165 tak vhodn\u00e9 podmienky pre rozvoj manufakt\u00far. \u010casto sa pok\u00fa\u0161ali zru\u0161i\u0165 nevo\u013en\u00edctvo, ktor\u00e9 vn\u00edmali ako nehum\u00e1nne a&nbsp;hospod\u00e1rsky neperspekt\u00edvne. Zav\u00e1dzali jednotn\u00e9 miery a&nbsp;v\u00e1hy, podporovali stavbu ciest a&nbsp;vodn\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945 Osvietenstvo a osvietensk\u00fd absolutizmus V&nbsp;18. storo\u010d\u00ed s\u00faviseli mnoh\u00e9 celospolo\u010densk\u00e9 zmeny v&nbsp;Eur\u00f3pe s osvietenstvom. Toto ideov\u00e9 hnutie, ktor\u00e9 sa postupne formovalo v&nbsp;Anglicku (16. storo\u010die) a&nbsp;Franc\u00fazsku (17. storo\u010die), vytvorilo v&nbsp;historicko-politickom v\u00fdvoji eur\u00f3pskeho kontinentu nov\u00fa epochu. Pre osvietensk\u00fd sp\u00f4sob myslenia je typick\u00e1 otvoren\u00e1 kritika v\u0161etk\u00e9ho, \u010do je prek\u00e1\u017ekou pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed vlastn\u00e9ho [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2127","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2127"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7270,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2127\/revisions\/7270"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}