{"id":2242,"date":"2023-03-01T18:49:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T17:49:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=2242"},"modified":"2023-05-05T14:13:23","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T12:13:23","slug":"kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-4-3-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-4-3-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska-4-3-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2242\" class=\"elementor elementor-2242\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c8e2f9e elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"c8e2f9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67266bb\" data-id=\"67266bb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adf42f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"adf42f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bachov absolutizmus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hoci bol <em>neoabsolutizmus<\/em> form\u00e1lne nastolen\u00fd za\u010diatkom 50. rokov 19. storo\u010dia, v&nbsp;podstate u\u017e od Bachovho n\u00e1stupu do funkcie ministra vn\u00fatra bolo zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee princ\u00edpy politick\u00e9ho liberalizmu, ktor\u00fdmi predt\u00fdm kontroval Metternichovmu absolutistick\u00e9mu re\u017eimu, bude musie\u0165 pod vplyvom radikaliz\u00e1cie spolo\u010densk\u00fdch pomerov opusti\u0165. Alexander Bach akt\u00edvne zasiahol do pr\u00edprav na rozohnanie r\u00ed\u0161skeho snemu a&nbsp;podie\u013eal sa na vyhl\u00e1sen\u00ed oktrojovanej \u00fastavy 7. marca 1849. Nov\u00fd politick\u00fd re\u017eim potvrdili <em>silvestrovsk\u00e9 patenty<\/em> z 31. decembra 1851, \u010do predstavuje form\u00e1lny za\u010diatok syst\u00e9mu vl\u00e1dy, ktor\u00fd pretrval do roku 1859. Na vrchole \u0161t\u00e1tnej hierarchie st\u00e1l panovn\u00edk a&nbsp;hne\u010f za n\u00edm nasledoval minister vn\u00fatra Alexander Bach. V\u00fdsadn\u00e9 postavenie z\u00edskala v&nbsp;tomto obdob\u00ed arm\u00e1da a&nbsp;katol\u00edcka cirkev.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Revol\u00facia 1848\/1849 z\u00e1sadne zmenila postavenie Uhorska. V&nbsp;zmysle te\u00f3rie, pod\u013ea ktorej krajina vstupuj\u00faca do otvorenej vzbury proti panovn\u00edkovi str\u00e1ca pr\u00e1vo na svoje \u00fastavn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie, tu bolo v&nbsp;roku 1851 nastolen\u00e9 proviz\u00f3rium. T\u00fdm bolo Uhorsko za\u010dlenen\u00e9 do jednotnej rak\u00faskej r\u00ed\u0161e, pri\u010dom stratilo svoje auton\u00f3mne pr\u00e1va. Po zru\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9ho stavu tu vl\u00e1dol miestodr\u017eite\u013e arciknie\u017ea Albrecht.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Bachov absolutizmus<\/em> v&nbsp;sebe sp\u00e1jal tradi\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty absolutizmu a&nbsp;ochotu modernizova\u0165 v\u0161etky oblasti \u017eivota. Moderniz\u00e1cia sa prejavila najm\u00e4 v \u0161t\u00e1tnej spr\u00e1ve a&nbsp;s\u00fadnictve, zav\u00e1dzan\u00ed hospod\u00e1rskych reforiem a&nbsp;reforiem, ktor\u00e9 polo\u017eili z\u00e1klady modernej spolo\u010dnosti. Nov\u00fd re\u017eim potvrdil zru\u0161enie poddanstva, rovnos\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed pred z\u00e1konom, modernizoval \u0161kolstvo, podporoval priemysel, najm\u00e4 tov\u00e1rensk\u00fa v\u00fdrobu a&nbsp;rozvoj \u017eelezn\u00edc. Jeho negat\u00edvna str\u00e1nka sa v\u0161ak prejavila zru\u0161en\u00edm \u00fastavn\u00fdch foriem vl\u00e1dy a&nbsp;tie\u017e novou podobou z\u00e1konov, ktor\u00e9 vyd\u00e1val panovn\u00edk formou nariaden\u00ed. Pre rak\u00fasku \u0161t\u00e1tnu spr\u00e1vu, ktor\u00e1 bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 na princ\u00edpoch centralizmu, za\u010dalo \u00faplne nov\u00e9 obdobie. Krajina toti\u017e potrebovala rozvetven\u00fd a&nbsp;odborne pripraven\u00fd byrokratick\u00fd apar\u00e1t. Samospr\u00e1vu preto nahradil syst\u00e9m \u00faradov, do ktor\u00fdch boli menovan\u00ed schopn\u00ed a&nbsp;loj\u00e1lni \u00faradn\u00edci. Nepriazniv\u00fd posun nastal aj v&nbsp;oblasti ob\u010dianskych pr\u00e1v a&nbsp;slob\u00f4d, kde bola op\u00e4\u0165 nastolen\u00e1 cenz\u00fara. Pol\u00edcia a&nbsp;hust\u00e1 sie\u0165 agentov pr\u00edsne kontrolovali tla\u010d a dodr\u017eiavanie z\u00e1kazu zhroma\u017e\u010fovania a&nbsp;spol\u010dovania sa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V&nbsp;n\u00e1rodnej ot\u00e1zke doch\u00e1dza v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku <em>neoabsolutizmu<\/em> k&nbsp;potl\u00e1\u010daniu n\u00e1rodn\u00fdch hnut\u00ed, \u010do na ne malo neblah\u00fd vplyv. Ako jedin\u00e9 pozit\u00edvum sa uk\u00e1zalo to, \u017ee potl\u00e1\u010dal aj n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 hnutie Ma\u010farov, \u010do de facto poskytovalo nema\u010farsk\u00fdm n\u00e1rodom ochranu pred ma\u010fariz\u00e1ciou. V&nbsp;priebehu tohto obdobia sa Slov\u00e1ci viackr\u00e1t pok\u00fa\u0161ali vym\u00f4c\u0165 si v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 a&nbsp;jazykov\u00e9 pr\u00e1va, no najm\u00e4 s\u00fahlas form\u00e1lne sa oddeli\u0165 od Uhorska a&nbsp;vytvori\u0165 vlastn\u00fa samostatn\u00fa korunn\u00fa krajinu. S&nbsp;t\u00fdmto cie\u013eom organizovali podpisov\u00e9 akcie a posielali k&nbsp;panovn\u00edkovi deput\u00e1cie, no neboli ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00ed. O&nbsp;nie\u010do priaznivej\u0161ie sa situ\u00e1cia javila v&nbsp;oblasti jazykovej, ke\u010f bola v&nbsp;roku 1851 definit\u00edvne prijat\u00e1 opraven\u00e1 verzia spisovnej sloven\u010diny. Kodifikovan\u00e1 bola v<em> Kr\u00e1tkej mluvnici slovenskej <\/em>(1852), ktor\u00fa vypracoval Martin Hattala.<em>&nbsp;<\/em>V\u010faka podpore ministra \u0161kolstva Lea Thuna, ktor\u00fd bol naklonen\u00fd po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m slovansk\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, bol vytvoren\u00fd priestor pre vznik slovensk\u00fdch gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed. Bol toti\u017e toho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee materinsk\u00fd jazyk je pre vyu\u010dovanie \u017eiakov v&nbsp;\u013eudov\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a&nbsp;ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch stup\u0148och gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed ve\u013emi prospe\u0161n\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Neoabsolutizmus<\/em> si vy\u017eadoval nemal\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00e9 prostriedky, ktor\u00e9 krajinu v\u00fdznamne za\u0165a\u017eovali. Celkovej kond\u00edcii Rak\u00faska neprospela ani prehran\u00e1 vojna v&nbsp;Taliansku v&nbsp;roku 1859, \u010do oslabilo jeho medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 postavenie. V&nbsp;krajine sa za\u010dali oz\u00fdva\u0165 hlasy opoz\u00edcie a&nbsp;vznikla od\u00f4vodnen\u00e1 obava, \u017ee by mohli vypukn\u00fa\u0165 nov\u00e9 revol\u00facie. Tieto okolnosti viedli Franti\u0161ka Jozefa k&nbsp;snahe uvo\u013eni\u0165 vzniknut\u00e9 politick\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie a Alexandra Bacha z&nbsp;postu ministra vn\u00fatra odvolal. To znamenalo koniec <em>neoabsolutizmu<\/em>. <em>Okt\u00f3brov\u00fdm diplomom <\/em>z&nbsp;20. okt\u00f3bra 1860 sa Franti\u0161ek Jozef ofici\u00e1lne zriekol absolutizmu a&nbsp;zaviazal sa obnovi\u0165 \u00fastavnos\u0165 v&nbsp;celej monarchii. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 s&nbsp;diplomom vydal aj nariadenie, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho sa \u00faradn\u00fdm jazykom v&nbsp;Uhorsku stala ma\u010far\u010dina. Tento krok predznamen\u00e1val \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj v&nbsp;n\u00e1rodnom hnut\u00ed Slov\u00e1kov. <em>Neoabsolutizmus<\/em> Alexandra Bacha de facto zmrazil politick\u00fd \u017eivot v&nbsp;monarchii, no po tom, \u010do sa ho panovn\u00edk vzdal, a&nbsp;v&nbsp;kontexte nov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch podmienok, za\u010dali v\u0161etky n\u00e1rody a politick\u00e9 a&nbsp;soci\u00e1lne skupiny \u0161t\u00e1tu op\u00e4tovne definova\u0165 a&nbsp;formulova\u0165 svoje n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 a&nbsp;politick\u00e9 ciele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945 Bachov absolutizmus Hoci bol neoabsolutizmus form\u00e1lne nastolen\u00fd za\u010diatkom 50. rokov 19. storo\u010dia, v&nbsp;podstate u\u017e od Bachovho n\u00e1stupu do funkcie ministra vn\u00fatra bolo zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee princ\u00edpy politick\u00e9ho liberalizmu, ktor\u00fdmi predt\u00fdm kontroval Metternichovmu absolutistick\u00e9mu re\u017eimu, bude musie\u0165 pod vplyvom radikaliz\u00e1cie spolo\u010densk\u00fdch pomerov opusti\u0165. Alexander Bach akt\u00edvne zasiahol do pr\u00edprav na [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2242","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2242","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2242"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2242\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7279,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2242\/revisions\/7279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}