{"id":2532,"date":"2023-03-02T10:20:47","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T09:20:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=2532"},"modified":"2023-03-02T10:28:22","modified_gmt":"2023-03-02T09:28:22","slug":"kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-8-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-8-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska-8-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2532\" class=\"elementor elementor-2532\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1084eb0 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"1084eb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0443812\" data-id=\"0443812\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a5b956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a5b956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situ\u00e1cia na frontoch v roku 1918, zahrani\u010dn\u00fd a dom\u00e1ci odboj <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nemecko spolu s jeho spojencami p\u00f4vodne pl\u00e1novalo vies\u0165 r\u00fdchly a\u00a0rozhodn\u00fd konflikt, ktor\u00fd v\u0161ak prer\u00e1stol do zd\u013ahavej z\u00e1kopovej vojny s\u00a0mili\u00f3nov\u00fdmi stratami. Po nieko\u013ekoro\u010dn\u00fdch bezv\u00fdsledn\u00fdch bojoch do\u0161lo k\u00a0vyradeniu jedn\u00e9ho z\u00a0hlavn\u00fdch protivn\u00edkov. D\u0148a 3. marca 1918 podp\u00edsalo Rusko s\u00a0\u00fastredn\u00fdmi mocnos\u0165ami v\u00a0Brest-Litovsku separ\u00e1tny mier, \u010d\u00edm definit\u00edvne vyst\u00fapilo z\u00a0vojny. Berl\u00edn i\u00a0Viede\u0148, povzbuden\u00e9 t\u00fdmto \u00faspechom, vrhli v\u0161etky svoje sily do \u00fatoku. Na jar 1918 podniklo Nemecko na z\u00e1padnom fronte s\u00e9riu rozsiahlych vojensk\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed zn\u00e1mych ako <em>Ludendorffova ofenz\u00edva<\/em>. Po po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdch \u00faspechoch sa podarilo <em>Dohode<\/em> zastavi\u0165 postup nepriate\u013ea. V\u00a0j\u00fali 1918 zorganizovalo nemeck\u00e9 velenie posledn\u00fd mohutn\u00fd \u00fatok, ktor\u00fd vo\u0161iel do dej\u00edn ako druh\u00e1 bitka na Marne. Franc\u00fazske, britsk\u00e9, americk\u00e9 a\u00a0talianske jednotky dok\u00e1zali odola\u0165 n\u00e1poru a\u00a0za\u010diatkom augusta 1918 pre\u0161li do protiofenz\u00edvy. Nemeck\u00e1 obrana sa zr\u00fatila a\u00a0vojsk\u00e1 cis\u00e1ra Wilhelma II. u\u017e len ustupovali. V\u00a0septembri 1918 nakoniec <em>Dohoda<\/em> podnikla z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00fa gener\u00e1lnu ofenz\u00edvu.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00dastredn\u00fdm mocnostiam sa nedarilo ani na ostatn\u00fdch bojisk\u00e1ch. Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsko, nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v\u00a0zlej kond\u00edcii, vykonalo na talianskom fronte v\u00a0j\u00fani 1918 ofenz\u00edvu, posme\u0161ne ozna\u010dovan\u00fa ako \u201ehladov\u00e1\u201c. Talianske jednotky sa za pomoci Britov a\u00a0Franc\u00fazov ubr\u00e1nili, pri\u010dom n\u00e1sledne\u00a0na jese\u0148 rozdrvili vojsk\u00e1 Karola I. E\u0161te pred t\u00fdm do\u0161lo k\u00a0por\u00e1\u017eke na Balk\u00e1ne. Bulharsko vyst\u00fapilo z\u00a0konfliktu 29. septembra 1918. Osmansk\u00e1 r\u00ed\u0161a kapitulovala o\u00a0de\u0148 nesk\u00f4r. V\u00a0bezv\u00fdchodnej situ\u00e1cii Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsko podp\u00edsalo 3. novembra 1918 pr\u00edmerie. Nemecko, hlavn\u00fd p\u00f4vodca vojny, zlo\u017eilo zbrane o\u00a0osem dn\u00ed nesk\u00f4r. Pr\u00e1ve vojensk\u00e9 ne\u00faspechy \u00fastredn\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed u\u013eah\u010dili proces vzniku n\u00e1stupnick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, medzi ktor\u00e9 patrilo aj \u010ceskoslovensko.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vypuknutie vojny v\u00a0roku 1914 \u201ezasko\u010dilo\u201c slovensk\u00fa politick\u00fa sc\u00e9nu tot\u00e1lne nepripraven\u00fa. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina el\u00edt spo\u010diatku ner\u00e1tala s rozbit\u00edm monarchie, pri\u010dom si v\u00f4bec nedok\u00e1zali predstavi\u0165 rozpad Uhorska. Svoje n\u00e1deje upierali na reformy a\u00a0d\u00fafali v\u00a0celkov\u00e9 zlep\u0161enie pomerov. Svetov\u00fd konflikt v\u0161ak oslabil samotn\u00e9 z\u00e1klady habsburskej r\u00ed\u0161e. Postupne sa za\u010dali e\u0161te viac prehlbova\u0165 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my a\u00a0disproporcie, medzi ktor\u00e9 patrila aj nevyrie\u0161en\u00e1 n\u00e1rodnostn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Podstatn\u00fd zlom pre a\u0161pir\u00e1cie \u010cechov a\u00a0Slov\u00e1kov predstavoval rok 1918. V\u00a0dom\u00e1com i\u00a0zahrani\u010dnom odboji sa definit\u00edvne presadila idea vytvorenia spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu. Vy\u010derpan\u00e9 Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsko sa nach\u00e1dzalo na pokraji kolapsu, Eur\u00f3pou i\u00a0svetom sa \u0161\u00edrili nov\u00e9 politick\u00e9 pr\u00fady a my\u0161lienky. D\u0148a 8. janu\u00e1ra 1918 uzrela svetlo sveta mierov\u00e1 v\u00edzia americk\u00e9ho prezidenta \u2013 <em>14 bodov prezidenta Wilsona<\/em>. V\u00a0desiatom bode sa p\u00edsalo o zabezpe\u010den\u00ed auton\u00f3mneho v\u00fdvoja pre n\u00e1rody Rak\u00fasko-Uhorska. Treba zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee pre vznik nov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu bola podstatn\u00e1 nielen v\u00f4\u013ea jeho zakladate\u013eov, ale v\u00a0nemen\u0161ej miere aj ochota dohodov\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enormn\u00e9 \u00fasilie pri h\u013eadan\u00ed medzin\u00e1rodnej podpory vyv\u00edjali najm\u00e4 krajania p\u00f4sobiaci mimo monarchie. Medzi febru\u00e1rom a m\u00e1jom 1916 vznikol v\u00a0Par\u00ed\u017ei vrcholn\u00fd org\u00e1n zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho odboja \u2013 <em>\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 rada<\/em> (\u010cSNR). Jej predsedom sa stal Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk. Do jej vedenia patrili podpredsedovia Josef D\u00fcrich a\u00a0Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik, post tajomn\u00edka vykon\u00e1val Edvard Bene\u0161. V\u00fdznamn\u00fa iniciat\u00edvu tohto org\u00e1nu predstavovalo zalo\u017eenie dobrovo\u013en\u00edckych oddielov \u2013 tzv. l\u00e9gi\u00ed. Pr\u00e1ve krv prelievan\u00e1 na frontoch legion\u00e1rmi posil\u0148ovala kredibilitu \u010cSNR v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm podstatn\u00fdm krokom bolo vycestovanie Tom\u00e1\u0161a Garrigua Masaryka do Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, kde do\u0161lo 30. m\u00e1ja 1918 k\u00a0podp\u00edsaniu <em>Pittsburskej dohody<\/em>. Touto akciou do\u0161lo k\u00a0ofici\u00e1lnemu zbl\u00ed\u017eeniu americk\u00fdch \u010cechov a\u00a0Slov\u00e1kov s\u00a0eur\u00f3pskym zahrani\u010dn\u00fdm odbojom. V\u0161etky zainteresovan\u00e9 strany deklarovali podporu vzniku spolo\u010dnej demokratickej republiky, kde <em>\u201eSlovensko<\/em> <em>bude ma\u0165 svoju vlastn\u00fa administrat\u00edvu, svoj snem a\u00a0svoje s\u00fady\u201c<\/em>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akt\u00edvna diplomacia a\u00a0ochota bojova\u0165 vy\u00fastili 29. j\u00fana 1918 k\u00a0uznaniu \u010cSNR Par\u00ed\u017eom za v\u00fdhradn\u00fa reprezentantku bud\u00faceho \u0161t\u00e1tu. Postupne sa k\u00a0Franc\u00fazsku pridali aj ostatn\u00e9 ve\u013emoci: Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nia, Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty americk\u00e9, Taliansko a\u00a0Japonsko. D\u0148a 14. okt\u00f3bra 1918 sa \u010cSNR prehl\u00e1sila za do\u010dasn\u00fa \u010deskoslovensk\u00fa vl\u00e1du. O\u00a0dva dni nesk\u00f4r sa cis\u00e1r Karol I. v\u00a0bezv\u00fdchodnej vojenskej i\u00a0vn\u00fatropolitickej situ\u00e1cii pok\u00fasil zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 monarchiu prostredn\u00edctvom jej federaliz\u00e1cie. Jeho snaha v\u0161ak nebola \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e1. Iniciat\u00edvy sa chopil Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk, ktor\u00fd v\u00a0rovnak\u00fd de\u0148 16. okt\u00f3bra 1918 doru\u010dil americk\u00e9mu prezidentovi <em>Prehl\u00e1senie nez\u00e1vislosti \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda jeho do\u010dasnou vl\u00e1dou \u010deskoslovenskou<\/em>, zn\u00e1me aj ako <em>Washingtonsk\u00e1 deklar\u00e1cia<\/em>. Ofici\u00e1lne bola vydan\u00e1 v\u00a0Par\u00ed\u017ei o\u00a0dva dni nesk\u00f4r. <em>Washingtonsk\u00e1 deklar\u00e1cia<\/em> odmietla n\u00e1vrh cis\u00e1ra na federaliz\u00e1ciu a\u00a0vyhl\u00e1sila nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda od Rak\u00fasko-Uhorska.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 udalosti ved\u00face k\u00a0samostatn\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00e1tu sa odohr\u00e1vali aj na p\u00f4de monarchie. V\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch u\u017e od roku 1914 p\u00f4sobila dom\u00e1ca odbojov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia \u2013 tzv. <em>Maffie<\/em>. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm cie\u013eom bolo zhroma\u017e\u010fovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed za \u00fazkej spolupr\u00e1ce so zahrani\u010d\u00edm. V\u00a0marci 1915 tvorili jej predsedn\u00edctvo Edvard Bene\u0161, Karel Kram\u00e1\u0159, Alois Ra\u0161\u00edn, Josef Scheiner a P\u0159emysl \u0160\u00e1mal. Monarchia sa postupne nato\u013eko oslabila, \u017ee nedok\u00e1zala efekt\u00edvne zasiahnu\u0165 vo\u010di odstrediv\u00fdm sil\u00e1m. V\u00a0takejto situ\u00e1cii bola skoncipovan\u00e1 <em>Trojkr\u00e1\u013eov\u00e1 deklar\u00e1cia<\/em>. Prijali ju \u010desk\u00ed poslanci r\u00ed\u0161skej rady a\u00a0krajinsk\u00fdch snemov 6. janu\u00e1ra 1918 v\u00a0Obecnom dome v\u00a0Prahe. Po obsahovej str\u00e1nke kritizovala pomery v\u00a0Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsku a po\u017eadovala pr\u00e1vo n\u00e1rodov na sebaur\u010denie. Takisto na Slovensku mo\u017eno v\u00a0poslednom roku vojny bada\u0165 politick\u00fa aktivitu. Na 1. m\u00e1ja 1918 bolo zvolan\u00e9 do Liptovsk\u00e9ho Sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho Mikul\u00e1\u0161a soci\u00e1lnodemokratick\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenie. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci, za pr\u00edtomnosti Vavra \u0160rob\u00e1ra, prijali <em>Mikul\u00e1\u0161sku rezol\u00faciu<\/em>, ktor\u00e1 obsahovala \u0161es\u0165 bodov. Jednou z\u00a0jej t\u00e9z bolo bezpodmiene\u010dn\u00e9 uznanie pr\u00e1va n\u00e1rodov na sebaur\u010denie, pri\u010dom toto pr\u00e1vo mala ma\u0165 aj <em>\u201euhorsk\u00e1 vetva \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho kme\u0148a\u201c<\/em>. K\u00a0podobn\u00e9mu rezult\u00e1tu dospeli 24. m\u00e1ja 1918 ved\u00faci \u010dinitelia <em>Slovenskej n\u00e1rodnej strany<\/em> pod veden\u00edm Mat\u00fa\u0161a Dulu v\u00a0Tur\u010dianskom Sv\u00e4tom Martine, ke\u010f po\u017eadovali vytvorenie samostatn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu zo Slovenska, \u010ciech, Moravy a\u00a0Sliezska. V\u00a0j\u00fani 1918 vznikol <em>N\u00e1rodn\u00fd v\u00fdbor<\/em> (NV), ktor\u00fd sa stal vrcholn\u00fdm org\u00e1nom \u010deskej a\u00a0zakr\u00e1tko aj celej \u010deskoslovenskej dom\u00e1cej politickej sc\u00e9ny. Jeho deleg\u00e1cia veden\u00e1 Karlom Kram\u00e1\u0159om sa z\u00fa\u010dastnila fin\u00e1lnych jednan\u00ed o\u00a0podobe nov\u00e9ho spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu so z\u00e1stupcami zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho odboja. Rokovania sa konali medzi 28. \u2013 31. okt\u00f3brom 1918 v \u017deneve. K\u00a0\u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkom patril napr\u00edklad Edvard Bene\u0161, \u0160tefan Osusk\u00fd \u010di predstavitelia dvoch najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch b\u00e1nk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945 Situ\u00e1cia na frontoch v roku 1918, zahrani\u010dn\u00fd a dom\u00e1ci odboj Nemecko spolu s jeho spojencami p\u00f4vodne pl\u00e1novalo vies\u0165 r\u00fdchly a\u00a0rozhodn\u00fd konflikt, ktor\u00fd v\u0161ak prer\u00e1stol do zd\u013ahavej z\u00e1kopovej vojny s\u00a0mili\u00f3nov\u00fdmi stratami. Po nieko\u013ekoro\u010dn\u00fdch bezv\u00fdsledn\u00fdch bojoch do\u0161lo k\u00a0vyradeniu jedn\u00e9ho z\u00a0hlavn\u00fdch protivn\u00edkov. D\u0148a 3. marca 1918 podp\u00edsalo Rusko s\u00a0\u00fastredn\u00fdmi mocnos\u0165ami v\u00a0Brest-Litovsku [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2532","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2532","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2532"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2532\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2553,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2532\/revisions\/2553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2532"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}