{"id":2534,"date":"2023-03-02T10:21:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T09:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=2534"},"modified":"2023-03-02T10:30:54","modified_gmt":"2023-03-02T09:30:54","slug":"kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-8-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/kapitoly-z-dejin-slovenska-8-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska-8-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2534\" class=\"elementor elementor-2534\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1084eb0 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"1084eb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0443812\" data-id=\"0443812\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a5b956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a5b956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vyhl\u00e1senie \u0161t\u00e1tu<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsko sa u\u017e od leta 1918 nach\u00e1dzalo na pokraji tot\u00e1lneho kolapsu. Viede\u0148 spolu s\u00a0jej spojencami zjavne prehr\u00e1vali vojnu. Jednotky cis\u00e1rskej a kr\u00e1\u013eovskej arm\u00e1dy boli demoralizovan\u00e9 a\u00a0\u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie odmietali bojova\u0165. Popri vojensk\u00fdch ne\u00faspechoch sa monarchia navy\u0161e rozkladala zvn\u00fatra. Naplno sa manifestovali najm\u00e4 odstrediv\u00e9 tendencie slovansk\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, ktor\u00e9 po\u017eadovali pr\u00e1vo na sebaur\u010denie. V\u00a0katastrof\u00e1lnom stave sa nach\u00e1dzalo hospod\u00e1rstvo. Predlitavsko i\u00a0Zalitavsko trpeli nedostatkom potrav\u00edn, surov\u00edn, z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch tovarov a\u00a0slu\u017eieb. V d\u00f4sledku zhor\u0161en\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00fdch podmienok v\u00fdrazne vzr\u00e1stla chorobnos\u0165 i\u00a0\u00famrtnos\u0165. Zbeda\u010den\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo \u010dasto \u0161trajkovalo, obvykl\u00e9 sa stali aj vzbury. V\u00a0takejto situ\u00e1cii podnikla monarchia kroky na vyst\u00fapenie z\u00a0vojny. D\u0148a 27. okt\u00f3bra 1918 s\u00fahlasil nov\u00fd rak\u00fasko-uhorsk\u00fd minister zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed Gyula Andr\u00e1ssy v\u00a0zaslanej n\u00f3te s mierov\u00fdmi podmienkami americk\u00e9ho prezidenta Woodrowa Wilsona. Viede\u0148 bola pripraven\u00e1 vyjedn\u00e1va\u0165 o\u00a0mieri. Jedna z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch podmienok hovorila o uznan\u00ed pr\u00e1v n\u00e1rodov monarchie na sebaur\u010denie.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00e1no 28. okt\u00f3bra 1918 zverejnili noviny v\u00a0Prahe obsah spom\u00ednanej n\u00f3ty. Odpove\u010f ministra zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed bola \u013eu\u010fmi mylne interpretovan\u00e1 ako okam\u017eit\u00e1 kapitul\u00e1cia vo vojne a\u00a0koniec Rak\u00fasko-Uhorska. Na V\u00e1clavskom n\u00e1mest\u00ed vypukli spont\u00e1nne oslavy, obyvatelia strh\u00e1vali symboly monarchie a \u017eivelne proklamovali podporu \u010deskoslovenskej samostatnosti. V\u00a0chaotickej situ\u00e1cii, navy\u0161e bez jasn\u00fdch rozkazov, sa \u010detn\u00edctvo a\u00a0ani miestne vojensk\u00e9 pos\u00e1dky neodv\u00e1\u017eili zasiahnu\u0165. Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165ou je, \u017ee po\u010das prebiehaj\u00facich udalost\u00ed absentovala v\u00a0Prahe drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch politick\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov. V\u0161eobecne panoval n\u00e1zor, \u017ee vojna potrv\u00e1 e\u0161te nieko\u013eko mesiacov. Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk sa st\u00e1le nevr\u00e1til zo\u00a0Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch; predseda NV arel Kram\u00e1\u0159 spolu s\u00a0Edvardom Bene\u0161om boli na jednaniach dom\u00e1ceho a\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho odboja v\u00a0\u017deneve; Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik podnikal cestu po \u010ealekom v\u00fdchode. Vyhl\u00e1senie nov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu teda prebehlo bez ich pr\u00edtomnosti.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Podve\u010der 28. okt\u00f3bra 1918 vyhl\u00e1silo predsedn\u00edctvo NV na p\u00f4de Obecn\u00e9ho domu v\u00a0Prahe vznik samostatn\u00e9ho \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu. Treba zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee do\u0161lo k vyhl\u00e1seniu \u0161t\u00e1tu, nie republiky \u2013 formu \u0161t\u00e1tu schv\u00e1lilo a\u017e <em>N\u00e1rodn\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenie<\/em> (NZ) v\u00a0novembri 1918. Okt\u00f3brovej proklam\u00e1cie sa akt\u00edvne z\u00fa\u010dastnil jedin\u00fd pr\u00edtomn\u00fd z\u00e1stupca Slov\u00e1kov \u2013 Vavro \u0160rob\u00e1r, ktor\u00fd zhodou okolnost\u00ed pricestoval r\u00e1no do metropoly na Vltave. Okrem neho boli \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi signat\u00e1rmi Alois Ra\u0161\u00edn, Anton\u00edn \u0160vehla, Franti\u0161ek Soukup a Ji\u0159\u00ed St\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fd. Tento \u201ekvintet\u201c bude nesk\u00f4r zn\u00e1my ako <em>\u201eMu\u017ei 28. okt\u00f3bra\u201c<\/em>. NV prevzal v\u0161etku z\u00e1konodarn\u00fa i\u00a0v\u00fdkonn\u00fa moc. Prv\u00fa normu pritom vydal e\u0161te 28. okt\u00f3bra 1918. I\u0161lo o\u00a0tzv. <em>recep\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1kon<\/em>, ktor\u00fd zabr\u00e1nil vzniku mocensk\u00e9ho a\u00a0pr\u00e1vneho v\u00e1kua. Okrem legalizovania NV ponechal v\u00a0platnosti v\u0161etky rak\u00faske (r\u00ed\u0161ske) z\u00e1kony a\u00a0nariadenia. Zasko\u010den\u00fd miestodr\u017eite\u013e \u010desk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn gr\u00f3f Max Julius von Coudenhove sa po jednaniach vzdal svojich pr\u00e1vomoc\u00ed a\u00a0odovzdal ich novej \u010deskoslovenskej garnit\u00fare. Revolu\u010dn\u00e1 vlna sa postupne roz\u0161\u00edrila do \u010fal\u0161\u00edch ve\u013ek\u00fdch miest (Brno, Plze\u0148 a\u00a0pod.), ako aj na vidiek. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 mo\u017eno kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee vznik nov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu prebehol neo\u010dak\u00e1vane a bez prelievania krvi.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okrem \u010desk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn sa udalosti dali do pohybu aj v\u00fdchodne od rieky Moravy. D\u0148a 30. okt\u00f3bra 1918 sa v\u00a0Tur\u010dianskom Sv\u00e4tom Martine stretli najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed reprezentanti slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda. Po spolo\u010dn\u00fdch rokovania do\u0161lo k\u00a0vytvoreniu vrcholn\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu \u2013 <em>Slovenskej n\u00e1rodnej rady<\/em> (SNR). Jej predsedom sa stal Mat\u00fa\u0161 Dula. Pr\u00e1ve prostredn\u00edctvom SNR bola prijat\u00e1 <em>Deklar\u00e1cia slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda<\/em>, ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 aj ako <em>Martinsk\u00e1 deklar\u00e1cia<\/em>. Tento z\u00e1sadn\u00fd dokument modern\u00fdch slovensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn vznikol miernym prepracovan\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu Samuela Zocha, evanjelick\u00e9ho far\u00e1ra z Modry. Treba podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku du\u00e1lneho charakteru monarchie, v\u00a0kombin\u00e1cii s\u00a0cenz\u00farou a\u00a0celkovou chaotickou situ\u00e1ciou, neprenikli spr\u00e1vy o\u00a0udalostiach z\u00a028. okt\u00f3bra 1918 na \u00fazemie Uhorska. Prijatie <em>Deklar\u00e1cie<\/em> prebehlo bez vedomosti o\u00a0vyhl\u00e1sen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu v\u00a0Prahe. Pod\u013ea historika Du\u0161ana Kov\u00e1\u010da sa inform\u00e1cia o\u00a0vzniku \u010ceskoslovenska dostala do Tur\u010dianskeho Sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho Martina a\u017e 30. okt\u00f3bra 1918 vo ve\u010dern\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch s\u00a0pr\u00edchodom Milana Hod\u017eu. V\u00a0d\u00f4sledku toho do\u0161lo k\u00a0pozmeneniu textu a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu publikovaniu aktualizovanej verzie o de\u0148 nesk\u00f4r v\u00a0<em>N\u00e1rodn\u00fdch novin\u00e1ch <\/em>(<em>N\u00e1rodnie noviny<\/em>). Prijat\u00edm <em>Deklar\u00e1cie<\/em> sa slovensk\u00fd n\u00e1rod, ako <em>\u201e\u010diastka i\u00a0re\u010dove i\u00a0kult\u00farno-historicky jednotn\u00e9ho \u010desko-slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda\u201c<\/em>, prihl\u00e1sil k\u00a0nov\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00e1tu, vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e9mu 28. okt\u00f3bra 1918 v\u00a0Prahe. Zhroma\u017edenie v\u00a0Martine mo\u017eno bezpochyby ozna\u010di\u0165 za v\u00fdznamn\u00fa udalos\u0165. Z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 elity v\u0161ak nemali zadefinovan\u00fa jednotn\u00fa koncepciu postavenia Slovenska v\u00a0novom \u0161t\u00e1te, \u010do do bud\u00facna sp\u00f4sobilo mnoh\u00e9 spory a\u00a0probl\u00e9my. Jedn\u00fdm z\u00a0martinsk\u00fdch signat\u00e1rov bol aj Andrej Hlinka, ktor\u00fd na konci leta 1919 podnikol spolu s\u00a0proma\u010farsky orientovan\u00fdm Franti\u0161kom Jehli\u010dkom cestu do\u00a0Par\u00ed\u017ea. Na mierovej konferencii sa sna\u017eil odovzda\u0165 zav\u00e1dzaj\u00face a\u00a0klamliv\u00e9 memorandum namieren\u00e9 vo\u010di \u010cechom a\u00a0republike.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u0148a 4. novembra 1918 za\u010dala pracova\u0165 do\u010dasn\u00e1 vl\u00e1da v\u00a0Skalici na \u010dele s Vavrom \u0160rob\u00e1rom. Medzi jej \u010dlenov \u010falej patrili Pavol Blaho, Ivan D\u00e9rer, Anton \u0160tef\u00e1nek, Kornel Stodola a\u00a0\u0160tefan Jan\u0161\u00e1k. Nov\u00e1 garnit\u00fara mala spravova\u0165 Slovensko v\u00a0nap\u00e4tej situ\u00e1cii, ke\u010f zanikala monarchia, vznikal nov\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t a\u00a0v\u00a0krajine vl\u00e1dol chaos. Pra\u017esk\u00fd NV vydal 13. novembra 1918 do\u010dasn\u00fa \u00fastavu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa roz\u0161\u00edril na 256 \u010dlenov a\u00a0pretvoril na NZ (nesk\u00f4r ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 aj ako <em>Revolu\u010dn\u00e9 NZ<\/em>). Tento org\u00e1n plnil dve z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u00falohy: do\u010dasne reprezentoval najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1konodarn\u00fd zbor \u010ceskoslovenska a\u00a0mal vypracova\u0165 fin\u00e1lnu podobu \u00fastavy. Pl\u00e9num tvorili v\u00fdhradne \u010cesi a\u00a0Slov\u00e1ci. NZ na svojom prvom zasadan\u00ed 14. novembra 1918 detronizovalo habsbursk\u00fa dynastiu a\u00a0ofici\u00e1lne prehl\u00e1silo \u010ceskoslovensko za republiku. Poslanci zvolili za prv\u00e9ho prezidenta Tom\u00e1\u0161a Garrigua Masaryka. Ustanoven\u00e1 bola vl\u00e1da tzv. <em>v\u0161en\u00e1rodnej koal\u00edcie<\/em>, veden\u00e1 Karlom Kram\u00e1\u0159om. Do nov\u00e9ho kabinetu patrili napr\u00edklad minister zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed Edvard Bene\u0161, minister vn\u00fatra Anton\u00edn \u0160vehla, minister financi\u00ed Alois Ra\u0161\u00edn, minister vojny Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik \u010di minister zdravotn\u00edctva Vavro \u0160rob\u00e1r (od decembra 1918 minister s\u00a0plnou mocou pre spr\u00e1vu Slovenska). Skalick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da stratila s\u00a0menovan\u00edm novej celorepublikovej exekut\u00edvy svoje opodstatnenie a\u00a0jej \u010dlenovia podali demisiu. Takisto SNR zanikla na podnet Vavra \u0160rob\u00e1ra d\u0148a 23. janu\u00e1ra 1919. Na mape Eur\u00f3py sa takto objavila demokratick\u00e1 \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 republika, ktor\u00e1 v\u00a0nasleduj\u00facom obdob\u00ed musela obh\u00e1ji\u0165 svoju existenciu doma i\u00a0v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kapitoly z dej\u00edn Slovenska 1740 \u2013 1945 Vyhl\u00e1senie \u0161t\u00e1tu Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsko sa u\u017e od leta 1918 nach\u00e1dzalo na pokraji tot\u00e1lneho kolapsu. Viede\u0148 spolu s\u00a0jej spojencami zjavne prehr\u00e1vali vojnu. Jednotky cis\u00e1rskej a kr\u00e1\u013eovskej arm\u00e1dy boli demoralizovan\u00e9 a\u00a0\u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie odmietali bojova\u0165. Popri vojensk\u00fdch ne\u00faspechoch sa monarchia navy\u0161e rozkladala zvn\u00fatra. Naplno sa manifestovali najm\u00e4 odstrediv\u00e9 tendencie slovansk\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov, ktor\u00e9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2534","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2534"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2559,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2534\/revisions\/2559"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}