{"id":3675,"date":"2023-03-11T09:59:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-11T08:59:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=3675"},"modified":"2023-04-14T20:37:19","modified_gmt":"2023-04-14T18:37:19","slug":"phonetics-and-phonology-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/phonetics-and-phonology-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Phonetics and phonology-3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY\n
\nSegmental Aspects<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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ARTICULATORY ORGANS<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In languages, phoneme classification is defined according to specific criteria. It mainly depends on the fact which articulatory organs are involved when pronouncing a particular speech sound. The organs participating in phonation<\/em> (i.e. production of speech sounds) are classified as:<\/p>

respiratory organs (lungs, trachea)<\/p>

phonatory apparatus (vocal folds)<\/p>

resonators (pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity)<\/p>

and modulating organs (mandible, lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula) (Pavl\u00edk, 2000, p. 41).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Some of the articulators<\/strong> are fixed<\/strong>, it means passive (the alveolar ridge, the hard palate, the teeth), the other ones are movable<\/strong>, it means active during the articulation (the tongue, the lower jaw, the lips, the soft palate). The mechanism of pronunciation of speech sounds differs. It mainly depends on the position of the tongue and on the fact which part of the oral cavity is in contact with it. The contact is either full or partial creating complete or partial closure<\/strong>, narrowing or narrowing without friction<\/strong> (for further information on consonants, see Chapter 7).<\/p>

Production of sounds is made when the airstream passes out of the lungs through the larynx to the lips. The airstream is modified by specific positions of the articulators. It can either make the vocal cords vibrate or the vocal cords can stay passive. According to the position of the soft palate, the stream of air passes out through the oral or the nasal cavity. The quality of the sounds produced matches the possible type of contact between the articulators. By Jones, articulation is \u201cthe movement of the vocal organs to produce speech sounds\u201d (Jones, 2003, p. 35).<\/p>

One of the crucial and most flexible and movable articulators is the tongue<\/strong>. Five parts of the tongue are recognised: tip, blade, front, back and root (Roach, 2009), as could also be seen in Figure 3 above. Specific groups of the speech sounds and their characteristics are presented depending on the fact what part of the tongue makes a contact with a specific articulator (e.g. alveolar consonants are pronounced when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge).\u00a0<\/p>

The vocal cords<\/strong> (vocal folds, vocal chords) could vibrate, i.e. be active during articulation, which means that the voiced sounds are produced. In English and Slovak, all vowels are pronounced as voiced and some of the consonants are pronounced as voiced as well. The English voiced consonants are b d g v \u03b4 z<\/em><\/strong> \u0292 \u02a4 l m n <\/em><\/strong>\u03b7 r j w<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>in Slovak b d \u010f g v z <\/em><\/u>\u0292 dz \u02a4 h <\/u><\/em>l \u013e m n \u0148 r j \u013a \u0155 <\/u><\/em>are voiced<\/u>. The rest of the consonants produced without the vocal cords vibration are voiceless (i.e. unvoiced). \u00a0The English voiceless consonants are <\/strong>p t k f \u03b8 s <\/em><\/strong>\u0283 h \u02a7<\/em><\/strong>,<\/strong> the Slovak voiceless consonants are <\/u>p t \u0165 k f s <\/u><\/em>\u0283 c \u02a7 <\/u><\/em>and ch,<\/u> for which the symbol \/x\/<\/em> in the IPA is used.<\/p>

The opening between the vocal cords is called glottis<\/strong>. \u201cThe vocal cords may be firmly closed to produce what is sometimes called a glottal stop\u201d (Jones, 2003, p. 581). In IPA, the symbol used for the glottal stop is \/\u0294<\/em>\/. This term is translated as r\u00e1z <\/em>into Slovak. The following are the possible positions of the glottis and the vocal cords:<\/p>

  1. the glottis closed tightly – a glottal stop <\/strong>\u0294<\/strong> is made<\/li>
  2. opened glottis, the vocal cords not vibrating – breathing and voiceless consonants<\/strong> are produced<\/li>
  3. the vocal cords loosely together and not vibrating, the glottis opened slightly – production of the voiceless glottal fricative \/h\/<\/strong><\/li>
  4. the vocal cords loosely together and vibrating, the glottis opened slightly \u2013 pronunciation of voiced sounds<\/strong> (Pavl\u00edk, 2000, p. 42)<\/li><\/ol>

    The soft palate<\/strong> is a movable articulator. It can move up or down. When it is raised, the oral sounds are produced, when it is lowered, the nasal sounds are made. In English and Slovak, vowels are oral. They could be pronounced as slightly nasalised when the vowel is preceded or followed by a nasal consonant. The consonants \/m n <\/em>\u03b7\/<\/em> are nasal in both languages. In American English, the so-called nasal twang<\/em> is heard in pronunciation. It means that the airstream used for phonation passes out through both cavities, the oral as well as the nasal one.<\/p>

    According to Roach, the following seven articulators are the main ones: the pharynx, the velum, the hard palate, the alveolar ridge, the tongue, the teeth, the lips. But the organs like the larynx, the jaws and the cavities are also \u201ca very important part of the equipment for making sounds, what is sometimes called vocal apparatus\u201d (Roach, 2009, p. 10).<\/p>

    Presented below is a list including the most significant organs involved in the production of sounds. Included are also Slovak equivalent terms:<\/p>

    • Adam\u00b4s apple <\/u>(ohryzok) \u2013 the front part of the larynx<\/li>
    • alveolar ridge <\/u>(\u010fasno) \u2013 the bony hard area behind the top front teeth<\/li>
    • epiglottis<\/u> (hrtanov\u00e1 pr\u00edklopka) \u2013 a leaf-shaped flap in the throat preventing food from entering the windpipe (open during breathing when air goes into the larynx)<\/li>
    • glottis<\/u> (\u0161trbina medzi hlasivkami) \u2013 the opening between the vocal cords<\/li>
    • hard palate <\/u>(tvrd\u00e9 podnebie) \u2013 the hard part that forms the top of the mouth behind the front teeth, also known as a\u00a0roof of the mouth<\/li>
    • larynx\/<\/u> the voice box (hrtan) – the hollow muscular organ (in the top of the neck) forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords<\/li>
    • mandible\/ <\/u>lower jaw (spodn\u00e1 \u010de\u013eus\u0165, s\u00e1nka) – the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton, it holds the lower teeth in place<\/li>
    • nasal cavity <\/u>(nosov\u00e1 dutina) \u2013 a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face, it is the uppermost part of the respiratory system and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of the respiratory tract<\/li>
    • oral cavity <\/u>(\u00fastna dutina) \u2013 the cavity of the mouth<\/li>
    • pharyngeal cavity <\/u>(hrdlov\u00e1 dutina) \u2013 connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus<\/li>
    • pharynx<\/u> (hltan) \u2013 part of the digestive system, the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity<\/li>
    • soft palate\/ velum <\/u>(m\u00e4kk\u00e9 podnebie) \u2013 the fleshy, flexible part towards the back of the roof of the mouth<\/li>
    • thyroid cartillage <\/u>(\u0161t\u00edtna chrupavka) \u2013 forms Adam\u00b4s apple, placed on the top of the trachea. It is the largest and uppermost of nine cartillages within the larynx, it houses, protects and supports the vocal cords<\/li>
    • trachea\/ windpipe <\/u>(priedu\u0161nica) \u2013 a single vertical tube extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs<\/li>
    • uvula<\/u> (\u010dap\u00edk) \u2013 the soft piece of flesh hanging down at the back of the mouth, it is attached to the rear of the soft palate<\/li>
    • vocal folds\/ vocal cords <\/u>(hlasivky) \u2013 two flaps of muscle located in the larynx behind the Adam\u00b4s apple, they are adjacent to each other at the front, but they are horizontally movable at the back. Their vibration causes voicing.<\/li>
    • (o)esophagus <\/u>(pa\u017eer\u00e1k) – a muscular passage connecting the mouth or pharynx with the stomach<\/li><\/ul>

      (Roach, 2009)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      Articulatory Organs<\/p>\n

      Otestujte si va\u0161e vedomosti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>

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      1. When the vocal folds are active:<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n \n

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