{"id":3766,"date":"2023-03-12T08:25:25","date_gmt":"2023-03-12T07:25:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=3766"},"modified":"2023-03-12T10:55:06","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T09:55:06","slug":"phonetics-and-phonology-7-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/phonetics-and-phonology-7-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Phonetics and phonology-7-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY\n
\nSegmental Aspects<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Quoting Jones, the criterion defined as the place of articulation<\/em><\/strong> can be explained as \u201cthe point in the vocal tract where the obstruction to the airflow is made\u201d (Jones, 2003, p. 35) or as \u201cthe place in the vocal tract where the sound is made, and which vocal organs are involved\u201d (Crystal, 2011, p. 243), which means that it is important to know by what articulators the airflow is obstructed:<\/p>

bilabial<\/u><\/strong> p, b, m, w<\/strong>: <\/strong>the obstruction for the stream of air made by the lips<\/p>

The upper and lower lip are tightly closed for the pronunciation of p, b, m<\/em><\/strong>, it means for the bilabial consonants occurring in both English and Slovak. In English<\/strong>, one more bilabial consonant is recognised which is made by rounded lips, namely w<\/em><\/strong>. The lips are not tightly closed during its pronunciation, but they take a specific position, therefore w<\/em> is defined as a bilabial consonant. In Slovak<\/strong>, w<\/em> is only used as a letter in words of foreign origin. The phoneme \/w\/<\/em> does not exist in Slovak, as both the letter v<\/em> and the letter w,<\/em> are pronounced as \/v\/.<\/em><\/p>

labiodental <\/u><\/strong>f, v<\/strong>: <\/strong>the flow of air is obstructed by the contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth, the contact of these articulators forms an obstruction for the airstream<\/p>

dental <\/u><\/strong>\u03b8<\/strong>, \u00f0<\/strong>: <\/strong>the tongue touches the upper teeth<\/p>

The consonants \/\u03b8 \u03b4\/<\/em> are the spoken representation of the digraph th<\/em>, e.g. in English<\/strong> words like thing \/\u03b8<\/em>\u026a\u03b7<\/em>\/<\/em> or this \/\u03b4<\/em>\u026a<\/em>s\/. <\/em>The only distinctive feature making these two consonants different is their voicing. While \/\u03b8\/ <\/em>is voiceless, \/\u03b4\/<\/em> is a voiced consonant. Crystal defines the way of such a type of pronunciation as the contact between \u201cthe tongue tip between the teeth or close to the upper teeth\u201d (Crystal, 2011, p. 243). Dental consonants do not exist in Slovak<\/strong>.<\/p>

alveolar <\/u><\/strong>d, t, n, l, s, z:<\/strong> contact of the blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge<\/p>

Besides the pronunciation of alveolar d, t, n, l<\/em>, also palatal \u010f, \u0165, \u0148, \u013e<\/em> are used in Slovak<\/strong>. The diacritical symbol \u02c7 is called \u201cm\u00e4k\u010de\u0148\u201d (i.e. a palatalisation mark<\/em>). The most appropriate way to transliterate \u010f<\/em> is as \/dj\/, \u0165<\/em> as \/tj\/, \u0148<\/em> as \/nj\/<\/em> and \u013e<\/em> as \/lj\/,<\/em> in spite of the fact that each of the Slovak consonants \u010f, \u0165, \u0148, \u013e<\/em> is monophonemic. When the letters d, t, n, l <\/em>are followed by i, \u00ed, e, \u00e9 <\/em>in Slovak,<\/em> the consonants are pronounced as soft<\/em>, e.g. deti \/\u010fe\u0165i\/, d\u00edva sa \/\u010f\u00edva sa\/, neha \/\u0148eha\/<\/em>, hence their place of articulation changes \u2013 Slovak \/\u010f \u0165 \u0148 \u013e\/<\/em> are pronounced as palato-alveolar.<\/p>

The two characteristic features of American English should be mentioned. These are flapped <\/em>medial \/t\/ <\/em>using the transcription symbol t\u032c<\/em><\/strong>, e.g. in better<\/em> \u2013 British \/bet<\/em>\u0259<\/em>\/, American \/b<\/em>\u025b<\/em>t\u032c<\/em><\/strong>\u0259<\/em>\/ <\/em>and \u2013 owing to rhoticity of this variety – the presence of postvocalic r<\/em>, e.g. farmer<\/em> \u2013 British \/fa:m<\/em>\u0259<\/em>\/, American \/fa:rm<\/em>\u025a<\/em><\/strong>\/.<\/p>

post-alveolar <\/u><\/strong>r<\/strong>: <\/strong>the tongue tip touches the place behind the alveolar ridge<\/p>

The intermittent closure causes a different classification of the Slovak<\/strong> \/r\/.<\/em> It is defined as tap, its long realisation \/\u0155\/<\/em> is trill (roll).<\/p>

The impact of rhoticity is also noted in a set of American English<\/strong> consonants \u2013 the British<\/strong> post-alveolar approximant \/r\/<\/em> is replaced by a retroflex approximant \/<\/em>\u0279<\/em> \/.<\/p>

palato-alveolar<\/u><\/strong> \u0283,<\/strong> \u0292, \u02a7, d\u0292:<\/strong> the blade or tip of the tongue touches the place between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate, the front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate<\/p>

palatal<\/u><\/strong> j: <\/strong>contact of the front part of the tongue and the hard palate<\/p>

velar <\/u><\/strong>k, g, \u014b<\/strong>: <\/strong>the back part of the tongue raises against the soft palate<\/p>

English<\/strong> includes velar \/k g \u03b7\/.<\/em> Slovak<\/strong> recognizes \/k g x\/<\/em> as velar consonants (\/x\/<\/em> is represented with the digraph ch<\/em> in the written form). The phoneme \/\u03b7\/ is pronounced in English and in Slovak words in the same position – when k<\/em> or g<\/em> follow n<\/em> in words, e.g. English think \/\u03b8<\/em>\u026a\u03b7k<\/em>\/ <\/em>or Slovak banka \/ba<\/em>\u03b7<\/em>ka\/<\/em>. Its status in English and Slovak differs \u2013 while \/\u03b7\/<\/em> is a phoneme having a distinctive validity in English, in Slovak, \/\u03b7\/<\/em> is an allophone of the phoneme \/n<\/em>\/\u00a0<\/p>

glottal <\/u><\/strong>h: <\/strong>the glottis is slightly open, allowing audible friction, the vocal cords are loosely together and not vibrating<\/p>

The only English<\/strong> glottal consonant \/h\/<\/em><\/strong> is characterised as a voiceless <\/strong>glottal fricative consonant found \u201cin stressed positions when followed by a vowel, e.g. how<\/em>\u201d and the voiced glottal fricative in \u201cintervocalic positions, e.g. behind<\/em>\u201d (Pavl\u00edk, 2000, p. 262). In Slovak<\/strong>, the phonemes \/h\/<\/em><\/strong> and velar \/\u03b3\/ function as voiced<\/strong> alternatives for a\u00a0voiceless velar \/x\/ (Kr\u00e1\u013e, 1982). Although \/\u03b3\/ does not have any grapheme representation in\u00a0the written form, \/x\/<\/em> exists as the digraph\u00a0letter ch<\/em> and occurs quite frequently in Slovak. Slovak \/h\/<\/em> is a\u00a0glottal voiced phoneme. Jones consideres \/x\/<\/em> being a \u201cnon-English sound\u201d when he writes that \u201cmost English speakers are aware of, and often attempt to pronounce, some sounds of languages other than English\u2026We find the voiceless velar fricative \/x\/ in the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland in words such as loch<\/em> and names such as Strachan<\/em>\u201d (Jones, 2003, p. xi). The consonant h<\/em>, according to Crystal, \u201coccurs only in a syllable initial position, before a vowel and is omitted in many regional accents, and widely considered the chief sign of \u201cuneducated\u201d British speech. Usage variation in initial unaccented syllable (e.g. an hotel <\/em>vs a hotel)<\/em>\u201d also exists (Crystal, 2011, p. 244). In many dialects, h<\/em> as a phoneme has disappeared. In Cockney \u201cdropping one\u00b4s h\u00b4s\u201d can still be heard (Trnka, 2014, p. 21). Hancock also focuses his attention on sound variations of the consonant h<\/em> in different accents when he claims that in the Southern English accent, speakers \u201cmay cut the \/h\/<\/em> when speaking in relaxed and informal contexts\u201d, thus for instance heating in here <\/em>sounds like eating in ear <\/em>(Hancock, 2015, p. 124). \u201dMost Latin-based languages have got rid of \/h\/<\/em> \u2013 you won\u2019t find one in Spanish, French or Italian to name a few, and there has been an ongoing debate for centuries\u00a0as to whether we need the sound at all in English. When you consider words like \u2018hospital<\/em>\u2019 dropped their \/h\/<\/em> to \/\u02c8\u0252sp\u026at\u0259l\/<\/em>, then got it back again, and the fact it simply doesn\u2019t exist in most regional accents, you\u00a0may wonder whether \/h\/<\/em> is just a fashion accessory bandied around by elocutionists elusively seeking \u2018correctness\u201c\u00a0(Pronunciation Studio, Joseph Hudson, 28th September, 2016).<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

SUMMING UP: <\/strong><\/p>

English:<\/u><\/p>

BILABIAL: p, b, m, w<\/strong><\/p>

LABIODENTAL: f, v<\/strong><\/p>

DENTAL: \u03b8<\/strong>, \u00f0<\/strong><\/p>

ALVEOLAR: d, t, n, l, s, z<\/strong><\/p>

POST-ALVEOLAR: r<\/strong><\/p>

PALATO-ALVEOLAR: \u0283<\/strong>, \u0292, \u02a7, d\u0292<\/strong><\/p>

PALATAL: j<\/strong><\/p>

VELAR: k, g, \u014b<\/strong><\/p>

GLOTTAL: h<\/strong><\/p>

Slovak: <\/u><\/p>

BILABIAL: p, b, m<\/strong><\/p>

LABIODENTAL: f, v<\/strong><\/p>

ALVEOLAR: t, d, n, s, z, c, dz<\/strong><\/p>

POST-ALVEOLAR: \u0283, \u0292, \u02a7, \u02a4, <\/strong>r, l, \u0155, \u013a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>

PALATO-ALVEOLAR: \u010f, \u0165, \u0148, \u013e<\/strong><\/p>

PALATAL: j<\/strong><\/p>

VELAR: k, g, x<\/strong><\/p>

GLOTTAL: h<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY Segmental Aspects THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION Quoting Jones, the criterion defined as the place of articulation can be explained as \u201cthe point in the vocal tract where the obstruction to the airflow is made\u201d (Jones, 2003, p. 35) or as \u201cthe place in the vocal tract where the sound is made, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3766","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3766"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3978,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3766\/revisions\/3978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}