{"id":3804,"date":"2023-03-12T08:56:13","date_gmt":"2023-03-12T07:56:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=3804"},"modified":"2023-04-15T11:48:07","modified_gmt":"2023-04-15T09:48:07","slug":"phonetics-and-phonology-9-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/phonetics-and-phonology-9-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Phonetics and phonology-9-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY\n
\nSegmental Aspects<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

LANGUAGE, SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

While speech is realised only orally, communication is manifested in the spoken or written form. Moreover, it includes not only verbal, and not only linguistic features, but many other factors that influence the interaction between the sender and the recipient.<\/p>

The following Table presented in the publication written by Pavl\u00edk (2000) clearly outlines the aspects of face-to-face communication. There are not only verbal and non-verbal aspects included in face-to-face communication, the participants in communication commonly use both linguistic and paralinguistic means: as voice qualifiers, the author mentions qualities of the speaker\u00b4s voice which can be \u201chusky, creaky, resonant, guttural\u201d, and \u201ceffects as laugh, giggle, sobbing, crying\u201d are understood as voice qualifications (Pavl\u00edk, 2000, p. 110).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Human communication is based on combining a limited number of basic elements (phonemes) into higher units (morphemes, syllables, words). This constitutes a system called language<\/strong>. Each language has a finite number of sound elements, and by combining them a person can create an infinite number of sentences (Pavl\u00edk, 2019).\u00a0 \u0160tekauer states that \u201clanguage is conceived as a\u00a0system of expressive means, and serves for communication. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the particular functions of language as a\u00a0system and its components… The spoken and the written forms differ from each other by their peculiarities which must be studied by linguistics\u201d (\u0160tekauer, 1993, p. 105).<\/p>

Communication<\/strong> is transmission of information. To be able to perform communication, people need to have a\u00a0channel<\/strong> (in the oral communication, it is air airwaves are spread through) and a\u00a0code<\/strong> (it is a language \u2013 if the participants of communication do not share the same \u201ccode\u201d, they will not understand each other, and that will cause breakdown in communication (Pavl\u00edk, 2000). Not only the code,<\/em> but also other aspects of communication are supposed to be in harmony for providing exchange of the information successfully. Purpose for performing communication is influenced by and depends on the partner with whom we communicate. If the sender\u00b4s or recipient\u00b4s cultural setting correspond, both verbal and non-verbal communication does not have to overcome cultural barriers, but if there is a\u00a0discrepancy reflected in the process of communication, sharing the same message could be quite problematic\u00a0 (Pondel\u00edkov\u00e1, 2022, p. 97).<\/p>

Besides general communication performed in the oral or written form, specialised communication is also recognised. The latter type of communication uses specialised terminology of various subject fields. As C\u00edbikov\u00e1 states in her publication, \u201cterminology is a linguistic and interdisciplinary subject field that deals with designating the concepts and the documentation of knowledge. Terminology has a cognitive, communicative, and sociocultural function\u201d (C\u00edbikov\u00e1, 2022, p. 17).<\/p>

The relationship between language and speech has been discussed and studied by linguists for many decades. It is inevitable to mention at least Ferdinand de Saussure, the representative of Structuralism<\/em>. He considered language \u201ca general human ability\u201d (\u0160tekauer, 1993, p. 105), and introduced the theory of the opposition of langue<\/em> and parole<\/em> based on the idea that langue<\/em> forms an abstract system<\/em>, it means \u201cthe idealized common knowledge of language functioning perfectly only within a collectivity\u201d, while parole<\/em> is an act of speaking, <\/em>it means \u201cthe concrete realization of a spoken language (the use of the code by an individual)\u201d (Lan\u010dari\u010d, 2008, p. 22). <\/em>Structuralists emphasized the theory according to which \u201clanguage is a social phenomenon the main function of which is the communicative function\u201d (\u0160tekauer, 1993, p. 100). Lan\u010dari\u010d considers Ferdinand de Saussure \u201cthe father of modern structuralist approach to the study of language and the main representative of The Geneva School\u201d (Lan\u010dari\u010d, 2008, p. 21).<\/p>

While discussing the relationship of language and speech, it is also important to mention the nativist approach<\/em>, represented predominantly by the American linguist Noam Chomsky. The nativist approach \u201cconsiders people to be biologically endowed with the capability of learning language. That is to say language knowledge develops from the so-called universal grammar, which is a set of principles inherited genetically by all people as an initial idealized stage in language acquisition\u201d (Lan\u010dari\u010d, 2008, p. 24). Chomsky differentiates an abstract and a concrete side of every language. He recognises the so-called competence<\/em> (system<\/em> and rules<\/em> of language), and performance<\/em> (actual use <\/em>of the rules in the act of speaking).<\/p>

Language<\/em> and speech<\/em> are two interrelated concepts that play a crucial role in human communication<\/em>. Language refers to the organized, structured way of communicating thoughts, feelings, and ideas through symbols and signs, such as words, grammar, and pronunciation. On the other hand, speech, as a physical manifestation of language, is the act of producing these symbols and signs using voice. All these concepts function as essential components of human interaction, and help to facilitate the exchange of information and the expression of emotions and ideas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n
\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n \n \n

Speech Intelligibility<\/p>\n

Otestujte si va\u0161e vedomosti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>

\n \n \n

1 \/ 10<\/p>\n

\n \n
\n

1. Speech intelligibility is understood as:<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n \n

\n
\n \n\n \n\n