{"id":3928,"date":"2023-03-12T10:31:49","date_gmt":"2023-03-12T09:31:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=3928"},"modified":"2023-03-12T10:40:38","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T09:40:38","slug":"phonetics-and-phonology-6-4-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/phonetics-and-phonology-6-4-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Phonetics and phonology-6-4-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY\n
\nSegmental Aspects<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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BRITISH ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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British English diphthongs: <\/u>e\u026a <\/em><\/strong>a\u026a \u037b\u026a \u0259\u028a <\/em>a\u028a \u026a\u0259 e\u0259 \u028a\u0259<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>

There are eight diphthongs in British English. According to the elements they consist of, they are either defined as closing<\/strong> \/e\u026a a\u026a \u037b\u026a \u0259\u028a a\u028a\/ or centring <\/strong>\/\u026a\u0259 e\u0259 \u028a\u0259\/. This classification takes into consideration the direction of movement of the tongue. When articulating centring diphthongs, the tongue makes the movement toward the central, neutral position in the oral cavity – to the schwa \/\u0259\/.<\/em> For closing diphthongs, the tongue moves upwards from a lower position or from a more open to a more-close vowel defined as near-high: \/\u026a<\/em>\/ or \/\u028a\/<\/em> (B\u00e1zlik, Mi\u0161kovi\u010dov\u00e1, 2012).<\/p>

In British English, diphthongs can be either falling<\/strong> or rising<\/strong>, but the general tendency is to pronounce them as falling. This means that their first components are more prominent than the second ones, hence first segments are pronounced with a higher degree of stress. \u201cIn English, most of the prominence is concentrated on the first element (approx. 2\/3), the second element (approx. 1\/3) being reduced in a decrescendo way (the sound becomes less loud as the glide progresses\u201d (Plavka, 1997, p. 15) or, as Roach says, \u201cthe first part is much longer and stronger than the second part, as in most of the diphthong a\u026a, e.g. eye<\/em> \/<\/em>a\u026a<\/em>\/<\/strong>\u201d (Roach, 1996, p. 20).<\/p>

Prominence<\/strong> covers four basic aspects: quality, quantity, pitch of voice and loudness. The result of prominence is the word stress. A higher degree of prominence placed on the first segment (in falling diphthongs) can cause its lengthening. As for quality<\/strong> of vowels, there is also a difference in classifying them into strong<\/em> and weak<\/em> in English. Weak vowels<\/em> rarely occur in stressed syllables. These are short schwa \/\u0259<\/em>\/, short or long i, \/\u026a i<\/em> i:\/,<\/em> and short or long u<\/em>, \/\u028a u:\/.<\/em> The rest of the English vowels \/\u0245 e \u0252 \u00e6 \u0251: \u037b: \u025c:\/ are strong, so they mainly form syllable nuclei of English stressed syllables. From the point of view of the other phenomenon \u2013 quantity <\/strong>\u2013 one of the segments in diphthongs is often prolonged. In English, it is generally the first one, because the English diphthongs are pronounced as falling. In transcription, length mark \/:\/ is never written after the first segment, although it is longer and louder, e.g. my \/m<\/em>a<\/u>\u026a\/.<\/em><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

British English diphthongs are placed on the diagram as shown in the following figure. The arrows show the direction of the tongue as it glides from the position where the first segment is articulated to the second one:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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British English diphthongs<\/u><\/strong>: e\u026a a\u026a \u037b\u026a \u0259\u028a a\u028a \u026a\u0259 e\u0259 \u028a\u0259 <\/strong><\/u><\/p>

  • \/e\u026a\/<\/strong> – a starting position of the tongue for \/e\/<\/em> at the front of the mouth with the jaw half- open goes towards a close-mid vowel \/\u026a\/<\/em> when articulating the diphthong \/e\u026a\/,<\/em> as for example in the word day \/de\u026a<\/em>\/<\/li>
  • \/a\u026a\/<\/strong> – \/a\u026a\/<\/em> is pronounced with the jaw open when saying \/a\/, the tongue is in the centre, then it glides to \/\u026a<\/em>\/, as in my \/m<\/em>a\u026a\/<\/em><\/li>
  • \/\u037b\u026a\/ – <\/strong>the tongue is at the back, the lips are rounded for articulating \/\u037b\/,<\/em> it glides rapidly and without interruption to \/\u026a\/<\/em> when \/\u0254\u026a\/<\/em> is pronounced, as for instance in the\u00a0word boy \/b\u0254\u026a\/<\/em><\/li>
  • \/\u0259\u028a\/ – <\/strong>\/\u0259\u028a\/<\/em> starts with a\u00a0central vowel \/\u0259\/,<\/em> its second segment is the back rounded \/\u028a\/,<\/em> g. <\/em>in go <\/em>\/g\u0259\u028a\/<\/em><\/li>
  • \/a\u028a\/ – <\/strong>another diphthong, \/a\u028b\/,<\/em> starts with an open jaw for \/a\/, then the tongue glides to a back rounded \/\u028a<\/em>\/, as for example in ground \/gr<\/em>a\u028and\/<\/em><\/li>
  • \/\u026a\u0259\/<\/strong> – the pronunciation of \/\u026a\u0259\/<\/em> starts at the front \/\u026a\/-<\/em>position and moves to the very centre of the oral cavity to say \/\u0259\/,<\/em> g. here \/h\u026a\u0259\/<\/em>. However, in fast speech, nowadays, there is a\u00a0tendency to pronounce long \/i:\/<\/em> instead of the diphthong \/\u026a\u0259\/<\/em><\/li>
  • \/e\u0259\/<\/strong> – the tongue moves from a neutral, front, mid vowel \/e\/<\/em> to the central schwa-sound to pronounce \/e\u0259\/<\/em> as in bear \/be\u0259<\/em>\/<\/strong>. At present, many GB users simplify the pronunciation of \/e\u0259\/<\/em> and substitute it by the long monophthong \/\u025b\u02d0\/ in fast speech<\/li>
  • \/\u028a\u0259\/ – <\/strong>\/\u028b\/<\/strong><\/em> is a short, rounded, central-back, close-mid vowel. When pronouncing \/\u028b\u0259\/<\/strong>,<\/em> the tongue moves from \/\u028b\/<\/strong><\/em> to a central monophthong \/\u0259\/.<\/em> A tendency to substitute \/\u028b\u0259\/<\/em> with \/\u037b:\/<\/em> is getting more and more common, g. sure \/\u0283\u028b\u0259\/ <\/em>replaced by \/\u0283\u037b:\/. <\/em>The diphthong \u028b\u0259<\/em> is slightly disappearing from the phonemic inventory of British English. This \u201cprogressive decline in the use of \/\u028b\u0259\/, <\/em>taking its place\u201c was also recorded in Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary<\/em> (Jones, 2003, p. ix).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY Segmental Aspects BRITISH ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS British English diphthongs: e\u026a a\u026a \u037b\u026a \u0259\u028a a\u028a \u026a\u0259 e\u0259 \u028a\u0259 There are eight diphthongs in British English. According to the elements they consist of, they are either defined as closing \/e\u026a a\u026a \u037b\u026a \u0259\u028a a\u028a\/ or centring \/\u026a\u0259 e\u0259 \u028a\u0259\/. This classification takes into consideration the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3928","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3928"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3928\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3945,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3928\/revisions\/3945"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}