{"id":5048,"date":"2023-03-17T13:04:28","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T12:04:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=5048"},"modified":"2023-03-17T15:09:29","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T14:09:29","slug":"helenistickastredovekafil-tu-skeptici","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/helenistickastredovekafil-tu-skeptici\/","title":{"rendered":"HelenistickaStredovekaFil-TU-Skeptici"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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VYBRAN\u00c9 KAPITOLY Z DEJ\u00cdN HELENISTICKEJ A STREDOVEKEJ FILOZOFIE <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Skeptici<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ran\u00fd pyrrh\u00f3nizmus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Toto jedno sa moje srdce, Pyrrh\u00f3n, t\u00fa\u017ei dozvedie\u0165: ako dok\u00e1\u017ee\u0161 \u2013 ve\u010f si len \u010dlovek \u2013 tak \u013eahko \u017ei\u0165 pokojne, v\u017edy bez starost\u00ed a\u00a0neochvejne, v\u00a0tom istom du\u0161evnom rozpolo\u017een\u00ed, pri\u010dom v\u00f4bec nedb\u00e1\u0161 na zvodn\u00e9 v\u00edry sladkohlasej m\u00fadrosti. Ty jedin\u00fd vedie\u0161 \u013eud\u00ed celkom ako boh, ktor\u00fd sa r\u00fati kruhov\u00fdm pohybom v\u00f4kol celej zeme a\u00a0ukazuje svoj ohniv\u00fd kruh dokonalej gule. (Diogen\u00e9s Laertios, Vitae<\/em>, IX, 65, 7\u20139; Sextos Empeirikos, Adv. math. <\/em>XI, 1, 7\u20139; I, 305, 3\u20135 (fr. 841 in: Supplementum<\/em>))<\/p>

<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pred v\u0161etk\u00fdm ostatn\u00fdm je nevyhnutn\u00e9 sk\u00fama\u0165 na\u0161u vlastn\u00fa schopnos\u0165 pozn\u00e1va\u0165: ak toti\u017e ni\u010d nie sme schopn\u00ed pozna\u0165, u\u017e nie je potrebn\u00e9 sk\u00fama\u0165 ni\u010d \u010fal\u0161ie. Aj medzi d\u00e1vnymi filozofmi boli niektor\u00ed, ktor\u00ed mali tak\u00fdto n\u00e1zor a ktor\u00fdm odporoval Aristoteles. Tak\u00e9to n\u00e1zory hl\u00e1sal neochvejne aj Pyrrh\u00f3n z\u00a0Elidy, ale s\u00e1m ni\u010d v\u00a0p\u00edsomnej podobe nezanechal. Jeho \u017eiak Tim\u00f3n v\u0161ak vrav\u00ed, \u017ee ten, kto hodl\u00e1 by\u0165 bla\u017een\u00fdm, mus\u00ed h\u013eadie\u0165 na tri veci: po prv\u00e9, ak\u00e1 je prirodzenos\u0165 vec\u00ed, po druh\u00e9, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom sa m\u00e1me vo\u010di nim spr\u00e1va\u0165 a\u00a0napokon, ak\u00fd n\u00e1sledok vyplynie pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa bud\u00fa takto spr\u00e1va\u0165. O veciach v\u0161ak (Pyrrh\u00f3n), ako hovor\u00ed (Tim\u00f3n), vyjavuje, \u017ee s\u00fa celkom rovnako nerozl\u00ed\u0161ite\u013en\u00e9, nemerate\u013en\u00e9 a\u00a0nerozhodnute\u013en\u00e9. Preto vraj ani na\u0161e zmysly ani n\u00e1zory ani nehovoria pravdu, ani sa nem\u00fdlia. Preto vraj im nemo\u017eno ani veri\u0165, ale m\u00e1me by\u0165 bez n\u00e1zoru, neprikl\u00e1\u0148a\u0165 sa ani na jednu stranu a by\u0165 neotrasite\u013en\u00ed. O\u00a0ka\u017edej jednej veci m\u00e1me hovori\u0165, \u017ee nie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi je, ako nie je, alebo \u017ee nie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi aj je, aj nie je, ako ani nie je, ani nie nie je. Pochopite\u013ene pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa takto spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa, vrav\u00ed Tim\u00f3n, vyplynie ako n\u00e1sledok spo\u010diatku zm\u013aknutie v\u00a0re\u010di (afasia<\/em>), potom v\u0161ak neotrasite\u013enos\u0165 (ataraxia<\/em>)\u2026 (Aristocles apud Eusebium, Praep. evang.<\/em> XIV, 18, 1, 1\u20134, 3 (fr. 53 Caizzi))<\/p>

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [My skeptici] nepopierame, \u017ee \u010dlovek vid\u00ed, ale len nevieme, ako vid\u00ed. Uzn\u00e1vame toti\u017e to, \u010do sa jav\u00ed, ale netvrd\u00edme, \u017ee je aj skuto\u010dne tak\u00e9. Tie\u017e c\u00edtime, \u017ee ohe\u0148 p\u00e1li, zdr\u017eia\u00advame sa v\u0161ak odpoveda\u0165, \u010di m\u00e1 p\u00e1liacu prirodzenos\u0165. Podobne vid\u00edme, \u017ee niekto sa pohybuje a \u017ee hynie. Nevieme v\u0161ak, ako sa toto deje. Staviame sa len \u2013 ako hovoria \u2013 proti nezjavn\u00e9mu, ktor\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za zjavn\u00fdm. (Diogen\u00e9s Laertios, Vitae<\/em>, IX, 104, 8\u2013105, 3)<\/p>

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ale ani pri vyslovovan\u00ed skeptick\u00fdch form\u00fal o\u00a0veciach nezjavn\u00fdch, napr\u00edklad \u201enie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi\u201c (\u00faden mallon<\/em>) alebo \u201eni\u010d nevymedzujem\u201c alebo pri nejakej inej, o\u00a0ktor\u00fdch budeme hovori\u0165 nesk\u00f4r, nepostupuje dogmatick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Skeptik tieto formuly nekladie ako univerz\u00e1lne platn\u00e9, preto\u017ee predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve tak ako formula \u201ev\u0161etko je nepravdiv\u00e9\u201c vyhlasuje za nepravdiv\u00fa spolu s\u00a0ostatn\u00fdmi aj seba samu, rovnako sa spr\u00e1va aj formula \u201eni\u010d nie je pravdiv\u00e9\u201c. Takisto je to aj s\u00a0formulou \u201eo ni\u010d v\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi\u201c, ktor\u00e1 spolu s\u00a0ostatn\u00fdmi aj o\u00a0sebe samej tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee neplat\u00ed o\u00a0ni\u010d viac a\u00a0preto spolu s\u00a0ostatn\u00fdmi ru\u0161\u00ed aj seba samotn\u00fa. (Sextos Empeirikos, Pyrrh. hyp.<\/em> I, 14, 1\u201311)<\/p>

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tvrdenie \u201enie sk\u00f4r tak\u00e9to ako onak\u00e9\u201c (\u00fa mallon tode \u00e9 tode<\/em>) vyjavuje n\u00e1\u0161 stav, v\u00a0kto\u00adrom sa prostredn\u00edctvom rovnakej sily protikladn\u00fdch vec\u00ed napokon zastavujeme v\u00a0stave neprikl\u00e1\u0148ania sa. Rovnakou silou naz\u00fdvame rovnos\u0165 v\u00a0tom, \u010do sa n\u00e1m jav\u00ed ako pre\u00adsved\u010div\u00e9, protikladn\u00fdm zasa v\u0161eobecne to, \u010do si vz\u00e1jomne odporuje a neprikl\u00e1\u0148an\u00edm sa napokon naz\u00fdvame s\u00fahlas neprejaven\u00fd \u017eiadnej z\u00a0oboch str\u00e1n. (Sextos Empeirikos, Pyrrh. hyp.<\/em> I, 190, 1 \u2013 I, 191, 1)<\/p>

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lebo na\u0161ou \u00falohou je vyjavova\u0165 to, \u010do sa n\u00e1m jav\u00ed, ale pri tvrden\u00ed, ktor\u00fdm toto vyjavujeme, prejavujeme indiferentnos\u0165. Treba uzna\u0165 aj to, \u017ee t\u00e9zu \u201enie sk\u00f4r\u201c (\u00faden mallon<\/em>) nevyslovujeme s\u00a0t\u00fdm, \u017ee by sme boli naisto presved\u010den\u00ed o\u00a0jej univerz\u00e1lnej pravdivosti a\u00a0istote. Naopak, aj o\u00a0nej hovor\u00edme v\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0t\u00fdm, \u010do sa n\u00e1m jav\u00ed. (Sextos Empeirikos, Pyrrh. hyp. <\/em>I, 191, 6 \u2013 I, 191, 11)<\/p>

Preklad A. Kala\u0161. Zdroj: Texty k\u00a0ran\u00e9mu pyrrh\u00f3nizmu. In: Ostium<\/em>, 3. ro\u010d, 2007, \u010d. 3, URL www.ostium.sk<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

VYBRAN\u00c9 KAPITOLY Z DEJ\u00cdN HELENISTICKEJ A STREDOVEKEJ FILOZOFIE Skeptici Ran\u00fd pyrrh\u00f3nizmus Toto jedno sa moje srdce, Pyrrh\u00f3n, t\u00fa\u017ei dozvedie\u0165: ako dok\u00e1\u017ee\u0161 \u2013 ve\u010f si len \u010dlovek \u2013 tak \u013eahko \u017ei\u0165 pokojne, v\u017edy bez starost\u00ed a\u00a0neochvejne, v\u00a0tom istom du\u0161evnom rozpolo\u017een\u00ed, pri\u010dom v\u00f4bec nedb\u00e1\u0161 na zvodn\u00e9 v\u00edry sladkohlasej m\u00fadrosti. Ty jedin\u00fd vedie\u0161 \u013eud\u00ed celkom ako boh, ktor\u00fd […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5048","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5048","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5048"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5048\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5121,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5048\/revisions\/5121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}