{"id":5275,"date":"2023-03-28T19:06:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-28T17:06:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/?page_id=5275"},"modified":"2023-03-30T10:36:43","modified_gmt":"2023-03-30T08:36:43","slug":"problematizovanie-edukacnej-reality-3-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/problematizovanie-edukacnej-reality-3-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Problematizovanie eduka\u010dnej reality-3-1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5275\" class=\"elementor elementor-5275\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4763170 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"4763170\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"k3top\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d51f2fc\" data-id=\"d51f2fc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cf375c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0cf375c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PROBLEMATIZOVANIE EDUKA\u010cNEJ REALITY. <br>PRAKTICK\u00c1 METODOL\u00d3GIA<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2858d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2858d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e63bd34\" data-id=\"e63bd34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b79421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b79421\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ded5\" data-id=\"bb0ded5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"759b076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Operacionaliz\u00e1cia premenn\u00fdch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a3919e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a3919e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pojem a typy ukazovate\u013eov<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa9d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa9d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ke\u010f u\u017e vykon\u00e1me konceptualiz\u00e1ciu a problematiz\u00e1ciu, mus\u00edme sa postara\u0165 o preklad na\u0161ich premenn\u00fdch z jazyka te\u00f3rie do jazyka praxe, preto\u017ee pr\u00e1ve tam sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa empirick\u00e9 \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 vo v\u00fdskume mus\u00edme zhroma\u017edi\u0165. Jazyk te\u00f3rie je jazykom kon\u0161truktov, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdznamy s\u00fa zahrnut\u00e9 v defin\u00edcii. Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z t\u00fdchto kon\u0161truktov bola predmetom z\u00e1ujmu mnoh\u00fdch te\u00f3ri\u00ed, bolo vytvoren\u00fdch u\u017e ve\u013ea ich defin\u00edci\u00ed. Existuje napr\u00edklad nieko\u013eko ve\u013ek\u00fdch te\u00f3ri\u00ed motiv\u00e1cie, ak ner\u00e1tame mal\u00e9, slabo vypracovan\u00e9 te\u00f3rie. Ich design\u00e1ty \u010dasto sp\u00e1ja len n\u00e1zov. Preto je teoretick\u00fd jazyk obmedzen\u00fd na presne definovan\u00e9 kateg\u00f3rie v\u00fdznamov, ktor\u00fdch vz\u0165ah s eduka\u010dnou realitou nie je zrete\u013en\u00fd a jednozna\u010dn\u00fd. Po druh\u00e9, teoretick\u00fd jazyk je abstraktn\u00fd, vzdialen\u00fd od ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch sk\u00fasenost\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch objektov. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 sa op\u00fdta\u0165 sk\u00faman\u00fdch, \u010di pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa spr\u00e1vanie zalie\u010dania sa v situ\u00e1cii slu\u017eobnej podriadenosti. Je potrebn\u00e9 namiesto toho defin\u00edciu ingraci\u00e1cie (tzv. zalie\u010danie sa, zav\u010fa\u010dovanie sa) prelo\u017ei\u0165 do jazyka sk\u00fasenost\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch. A <em>postup premeny teoretick\u00fdch v\u00fdznamov premenn\u00fdch na v\u00fdznamy pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote sk\u00faman\u00fdch sa naz\u00fdva operacionaliz\u00e1cia. <\/em>Po tretie, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina premenn\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 odzrkad\u013euj\u00fa eduka\u010dn\u00e9 fakty, s\u00fa nepozorovate\u013en\u00e9, nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ich zaregistrova\u0165 priamym zmyslov\u00fdm pozorovan\u00edm. Napr\u00edklad ingraci\u00e1cia definovan\u00e1 ako manipulat\u00edvne spr\u00e1vanie, ktor\u00e9ho cie\u013eom je zv\u00fd\u0161enie vlastnej atraktivity v o\u010diach partnerov interakcie a zv\u00fd\u0161enie hodnoty samotn\u00e9ho partnera s cie\u013eom dosiahnu\u0165 v\u00fdhody, je priamo nepozorovate\u013en\u00e1 premenn\u00e1. Neexistuje v zmysle substanci\u00e1lnom. V tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch sa objavuje druh\u00e1 tv\u00e1r <em>operacionaliz\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako v\u00fdber pozorovate\u013en\u00fdch ukazovate\u013eov k nepozorovate\u013en\u00fdm premenn\u00fdm<\/em>. Podobn\u00fd jav pozn\u00e1me z vlastnej sk\u00fasenosti. Pravdovravnos\u0165 je nepozorovate\u013en\u00e1 vlastnos\u0165, ale m\u00f4\u017eeme n\u00e1js\u0165 tak\u00e9 javy, ktor\u00fdch pozorovanie n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed pos\u00fadi\u0165, \u010di n\u00e1\u0161 partner je pravdovravn\u00fd. V metodol\u00f3gii vedeck\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov sa tak\u00e9to javy naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa ukazovatele.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Ukazovate\u013eom premennej nepozorovate\u013enej N je tak\u00e1 pozorovate\u013en\u00e1 <\/em><em>premenn\u00e1<\/em> <em>Z,<\/em> <em>po<\/em> <em>ktorej<\/em> <em>vzniku<\/em> <em>m\u00f4\u017eeme<\/em> <em>\u2013<\/em> <em>s<\/em> <em>pravdepodobnos\u0165ou<\/em> <em>v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou <\/em><em>ako je priemer, alebo sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd je bez v\u00fdnimky \u2013 potvrdi\u0165, \u017ee nastal jav N <\/em>(pozri Nowak 2006).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Toto je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 defin\u00edcia tejto kapitoly. Vykonajme jej anal\u00fdzu pou\u017eit\u00edm pr\u00edkladu ukazovate\u013ea teploty vzduchu. Na\u0161ou \u00falohou bude n\u00e1js\u0165 odpove\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, \u010di vonku mimo budovy, v ktorej sa nach\u00e1dzame, je kladn\u00e1 alebo z\u00e1porn\u00e1 teplota. Budeme to musie\u0165 urobi\u0165 pozorovan\u00edm prostredia z okna, v miestnosti so st\u00e1lou teplotou 20 stup\u0148ov. Pod\u013ea na\u0161ej defin\u00edcie je teplota vzduchu jav nepozorovate\u013en\u00fd N. Ak chceme odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zku, mus\u00edme pozorova\u0165 jav Z. Tento jav v\u0161ak mus\u00ed sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 dve podmienky: jeho vz\u0165ah k teplote mus\u00ed by\u0165 bez akejko\u013evek v\u00fdnimky a zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravdepodobnosti v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej ako je priemer. <em>Bezv\u00fdnimo\u010dnos\u0165 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ak dan\u00fd jav spozorujeme, potom sa v z\u00e1sade pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona objav\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e1 teplota. <\/em>H\u013eadajme, \u010di t\u00fdm javom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 oble\u010denie okoloid\u00facich, napr. nosenie \u010diapky a rukav\u00edc. Nie, preto\u017ee \u013eudia r\u00f4zne reaguj\u00fa na teplotu vzduchu.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alebo t\u00fdm javom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 stav skupenstva vody v kalu\u017eiach? \u00c1no, preto\u017ee pod\u013ea defin\u00edcie prevzatej z ch\u00e9mie teplota zam\u0155zania kri\u0161t\u00e1\u013eovo \u010distej vody je nula stup\u0148ov. V kalu\u017ei nie je kri\u0161t\u00e1\u013eovo \u010dist\u00e1 voda, tak\u017ee na jej zamrznutie je potrebn\u00e1 z\u00e1porn\u00e1 teplota. Preto <em>\u2013 <\/em>na z\u00e1klade tejto defin\u00edcie (vedeck\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona) <em>\u2013 <\/em>m\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee ak je voda v pevnom stave, teplota mus\u00ed ma\u0165 z\u00e1porn\u00fa hodnotu. T\u00e1to anal\u00fdza sp\u013a\u0148a podmienku bezv\u00fdnimo\u010dnosti. \u010co v tejto situ\u00e1cii znamen\u00e1 podmienka pravdepodobnosti v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej, ako je priemer? V \u0161tatistickom zmysle je to pravdepodobnos\u0165 50%. Ona zabezpe\u010duje n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 situ\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 aj ke\u010f nespochyb\u0148uj\u00fa podmienku bezv\u00fdnimo\u010dnosti, zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa napr\u00edklad moment zotrva\u010dnosti teploty, alebo aj nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00fa pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 cudz\u00edch kvapal\u00edn v kalu\u017ei, ktor\u00e9 br\u00e1nia jej zamrznutiu. Pou\u017eil som pr\u00edklad z ch\u00e9mie, a to nebola n\u00e1hoda. V spolo\u010densk\u00fdch ved\u00e1ch nem\u00e1me tak\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 z\u00e1kony ako v pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch ved\u00e1ch. Mo\u017eno len s v\u00fdnimkou fyziologick\u00fdch javov vyskytuj\u00facich sa v psychol\u00f3gii. V eduka\u010dnej realite tak\u00e9 nen\u00e1jdeme, pokia\u013e nemeriame pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 premenn\u00e9. Preto v defin\u00edcii medzi dvoma podmienkami je spojka \u201ealebo\u201d namiesto \u201ea\u201d.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fasme vybra\u0165 ukazovatele k najjednoduch\u0161\u00edm premenn\u00fdm vyskytuj\u00facich sa vo v\u00fdskumoch o eduk\u00e1cii. Urob\u00edme to v tabu\u013eke 2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-faa2404 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"faa2404\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea5f059\" data-id=\"ea5f059\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f4dc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f4dc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Tabu\u013eka 2. Nepozorovate\u013en\u00e9 premenn\u00e9 a ich ukazovatele<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45d7f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_table\" data-id=\"45d7f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unlimited Table -->\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-css' href='https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-all.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-v4-shims.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='uc_ac_assets_file_tabulator_min_css_23079-css' 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#uc_ue_table_elementor_45d7f0a .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: ;\n  }\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_45d7f0a .tabulator-headers .tabulator-col:last-of-type,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_45d7f0a .tabulator-row .tabulator-cell:last-of-type{\n  border-right: none !important;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_45d7f0a .tabulator-col-resize-handle:last-of-type {\n  display: none;\n}\n\n\n.tabulator-col,\n.tabulator-row,\n.tabulator-cell,\n.ue-table-column__button {\n  transition: all .2s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n.ue-table-column__button {\n  display: inline-block;\n}\n\n\/*\n.tabulator-headers>.tabulator-col:not([class*='elementor-repeater-item']),\n.tabulator-table>.tabulator-row>.tabulator-cell:not([tabulator-field*='column']) {\n\twidth: 100px !important;\n}\n*\/\n\n.tabulator-table>.tabulator-row>.tabulator-cell:not([tabulator-field*='column'])\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n   \n\n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_table_elementor_45d7f0a\" class=\"ue-table\">\n    <div class=\"ue-table__tools\" role=\"menu\">\n                            <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ue-table__container\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"ue-table__templates-container\">\n  \t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- end Unlimited Table -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d192eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d192eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>zdroj: vlastn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy<\/em><\/p><p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bbc8d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bbc8d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Je potrebn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee ukazovatele v tejto tabu\u013eke s\u00fa nie\u010d\u00edm, \u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165. S\u00fa teda dostupn\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom zmyslov, a v tomto zmysle s\u00fa pozorovate\u013en\u00fdmi premenn\u00fdmi. Mo\u017eno dokonca poveda\u0165, \u017ee operacionaliz\u00e1cia je kon\u0161truovanie oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed vykona\u0165 v\u00fdskumn\u00edk a sk\u00faman\u00e9 osoby, aby sa mohlo uskuto\u010dni\u0165 meranie premennej. U\u017e sk\u00f4r som p\u00edsal o agres\u00edvnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed det\u00ed. V tomto pr\u00edpade je potrebn\u00e9 uk\u00e1za\u0165 prechod od konceptualiz\u00e1cie k operacionaliz\u00e1cii. Agres\u00edvne spr\u00e1vanie, to s\u00fa pozorovate\u013en\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 alebo verb\u00e1lne prejavy (\u010dinnosti) vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00face pozorovate\u013en\u00fa reakciu nespokojnosti adres\u00e1ta. To je na\u0161a defin\u00edcia premennej. Nie je e\u0161te operacionalizovan\u00e1, preto\u017ee nebola priraden\u00e1 k spr\u00e1vaniu det\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa sk\u00faman\u00e9, nie s\u00fa napl\u00e1novan\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed vykona\u0165 v\u00fdskumn\u00edk, aby zaregistroval premenn\u00fa, a neboli pre \u0148u vypracovan\u00e9 ukazovatele. V tomto pr\u00edpade by sa mala operacionaliz\u00e1cia sklada\u0165 z t\u00fdchto troch prvkov. Po prv\u00e9, je mo\u017en\u00e9 predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee spr\u00e1vanie det\u00ed bude v\u00fdskumn\u00edk pozorova\u0165 v situ\u00e1cii skupinovej hry, ktor\u00e1 je typick\u00e1 pre ich pred\u0161kolsk\u00e9 aktivity. M\u00f4\u017eete sa tie\u017e sna\u017ei\u0165 maximalizova\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165 v\u00fdskytu agres\u00edvneho spr\u00e1vania t\u00fdm, \u017ee zn\u00ed\u017eite po\u010det atrakt\u00edvnych hra\u010diek. Po druh\u00e9, je potrebn\u00e9 predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee v\u00fdskumn\u00edci bud\u00fa uskuto\u010d\u0148ova\u0165 pozorovanie spr\u00e1vania det\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch, pridelen\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00e9mu die\u0165a\u0165u n\u00e1hodne. Na jedn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00edka pripadn\u00fa tri deti, ktor\u00e9 bude pozorova\u0165 v troch n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch 5-min\u00fatov\u00fdch sekvenci\u00e1ch. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk bude zaznamen\u00e1va\u0165 po\u010det prejavov agresie na \u0161peci\u00e1lnom h\u00e1rku. Po tretie, je potrebn\u00e9 pripravi\u0165 zoznam ukazovate\u013eov agres\u00edvnych prvkov spr\u00e1vania, zalo\u017een\u00fdch na teoretickej defin\u00edcii premennej. Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je rozhovor s u\u010dite\u013emi materskej \u0161koly, v ktorom sa uk\u00e1\u017eu naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa vyskytuj\u00face prejavy agresie, ako napr.: \u0165ah\u00e1 za vlasy, kope, hryzie, kri\u010d\u00ed, bije, s\u00e1\u010de ostatn\u00e9 deti a zhadzuje predmety, h\u00e1d\u017ee hra\u010dky do ostatn\u00fdch det\u00ed, at\u010f. Takto ur\u010den\u00e9 ukazovatele sa bud\u00fa nach\u00e1dza\u0165 na \u0161peci\u00e1lnom pozorovacom h\u00e1rku v prvom st\u013apci, ved\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho bude miesto na zazna\u010denie frekvencie v\u00fdskytu t\u00fdchto ukazovate\u013eov. Av\u0161ak v\u00fdskumn\u00edk pri postupovan\u00ed pod\u013ea defin\u00edcie bude musie\u0165 pozorova\u0165 aj reakciu objektu agres\u00edvneho spr\u00e1vania, aby rozhodol, \u010di ukazovate\u013e koreluje s uveden\u00fdm javom. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci musia ur\u010di\u0165, ak\u00e9 krit\u00e9ria bud\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pri prij\u00edman\u00ed t\u00fdchto rozhodnut\u00ed. V\u0161etci v\u00fdskumn\u00edci bud\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 rovnak\u00fd h\u00e1rok. Ukazovatele bud\u00fa vo forme \u010d\u00edsel, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dtom zaznamenan\u00fdch prejavov agresie. V poslednej etape v\u00fdberu ukazovate\u013eov je potrebn\u00e9 skontrolova\u0165, \u010di s\u00fa presn\u00e9, a teda, \u010di bude splnen\u00e1 aspo\u0148 jedna z podmienok, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v defin\u00edcii ukazovate\u013ea. Za t\u00fdmto \u00fa\u010delom mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 \u201epostup kompetentn\u00fdch sudcov\u201d, ktor\u00fdmi bud\u00fa in\u00ed v\u00fdskumn\u00edci \u0161pecialisti a u\u010ditelia matersk\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l, ktor\u00ed nie s\u00fa spojen\u00ed s projektom. Ich \u00falohou bude odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa vytv\u00e1rania vz\u0165ahu medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi ukazovate\u013emi a uveden\u00fdm javom. Pre ka\u017ed\u00fd ukazovate\u013e sa vypo\u010d\u00edta koeficient zhody sudcov.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak boli zhodn\u00ed vo svojich n\u00e1zoroch, a tie n\u00e1zory boli pre ukazovate\u013e pozit\u00edvne, jeho presnos\u0165 bola verifikovan\u00e1.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A\u017e teraz bola teoretick\u00e1 defin\u00edcia operacionalizovan\u00e1. Pozn\u00e1me u\u017e toti\u017e v\u0161etky postupy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 na registrovanie premennej. Pozrime sa teraz, ako prebieha operacionaliz\u00e1cia druhej premennej z tohto v\u00fdskumu, teda vz\u0165ahu dospel\u00fdch k agresii. T\u00e1to premenn\u00e1 bola definovan\u00e1 ako reakcia na agresiu ozn\u00e1men\u00e1 die\u0165a\u0165u. Aby sme mohli realizova\u0165 operacionaliz\u00e1ciu tejto premennej, je potrebn\u00e9 napl\u00e1nova\u0165 \u010dinnosti v\u00fdskumn\u00edka, sp\u00f4sob oznamovania reakcie rodi\u010dov die\u0165a\u0165u, aktivitu rodi\u010dov a det\u00ed. Ukazovate\u013eom tejto premennej bud\u00fa inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 deti dostan\u00fa od svojich rodi\u010dov po\u010das spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho sledovania \u0161portov\u00fdch prenosov v d\u017eude (agres\u00edvne spr\u00e1vanie). \u010cas\u0165 rodi\u010dov sa pozit\u00edvne vyjadr\u00ed o agresii na telev\u00edznej obrazovke a bude sledova\u0165 spolu s de\u0165mi prenos a\u017e do konca, a \u010das\u0165 sa vyjadr\u00ed negat\u00edvne a preru\u0161\u00ed sledovanie v polovici. Rodi\u010dia bud\u00fa spolupracova\u0165 s experiment\u00e1torom. Deti bud\u00fa zaraden\u00e9 do rovnako po\u010detn\u00fdch skup\u00edn, vzh\u013eadom k tomu, ak\u00fa reakciu im uk\u00e1zali rodi\u010dia. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 skupina det\u00ed bude pr\u00edslu\u0161ne ozna\u010den\u00e1 pred za\u010dat\u00edm hry v druhej \u010dasti v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u0161imnime si, \u017ee spolo\u010dnou vlastnos\u0165ou t\u00fdchto operacionaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed bolo <em>umiest\u0148ovanie ukazovate\u013eov v spr\u00e1van\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b<\/em>. To je jeden z troch sp\u00f4sobov operacionaliz\u00e1cie premenn\u00fdch z h\u013eadiska miesta ukazovate\u013ea. O takomto <em>ukazovateli sa hovor\u00ed, \u017ee je empirick\u00fd<\/em>, teda m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 priamo pozorovan\u00fd. Prejdime teraz k operacionaliz\u00e1cii inteligencie. Definovali sme ju ako to, \u010do meria test Wechslera. Tento test je \u0161peci\u00e1lne vypracovan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom s\u00faboru \u00faloh, zalo\u017een\u00fdch na te\u00f3rii inteligencie. Nie je pre n\u00e1s teraz d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, ako samotn\u00fd Wechsler definuje inteligenciu, preto\u017ee na\u0161a defin\u00edcia sa vz\u0165ahuje na test. H\u00e1rok testu je v\u0161ak operacionaliz\u00e1ciou jeho defin\u00edcie. Naproti tomu na\u0161a operacionaliz\u00e1cia sa redukuje na vykonanie v\u00fdskumu v rovnak\u00fdch podmienkach pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch. Ukazovatele inteligencie bud\u00fa uveden\u00e9 vo forme kvocientu a nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa v nasleduj\u00facej tabu\u013eke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40e8a90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40e8a90\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-134f2ff\" data-id=\"134f2ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5864ab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5864ab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Tabu\u013eka 1. Ukazovatele inteligencie vo forme kvocientu<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a99e057 eael-table-align-center eael-dt-th-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"a99e057\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"a99e057\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-a99e057\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-a99e057\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">N\u00c1ZOV (STUPE\u0147)<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">INTELIGEN\u010cN\u00dd KVOCIENT ukazovate\u013e<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">KLINICK\u00c1 DEFIN\u00cdCIA<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV\u00fdvoj ve\u013emi vysok\u00fd\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNad 146\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"4\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpr\u00e1vny du\u0161evn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV\u00fdvoj vysok\u00fd\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t145 &#8211; 131\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV\u00fdvoj nadpriemern\u00fd\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t130-115\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV\u00fdvoj priemern\u00fd\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t115-85\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV\u00fdvoj ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ako je priemer (doln\u00e1 hranica normy)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t84-70\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHrani\u010dn\u00e1 norma\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u013dahk\u00fd stupe\u0148 ment\u00e1lnej retard\u00e1cie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t69-55\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u013dah\u0161ia zaostalos\u0165\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStredn\u00fd stupe\u0148 ment\u00e1lnej retard\u00e1cie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t54-40\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHlb\u0161ia zaostalos\u0165\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0164a\u017ek\u00fd stupe\u0148 ment\u00e1lnej retard\u00e1cie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39-25\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHlbok\u00fd stupe\u0148 ment\u00e1lnej retard\u00e1cie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t24-0\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d602b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d602b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>zdroj: <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.zdrowie.med.pl\/psychologia\/badania\/skala.html\"><em>http:\/\/www.zdrowie.med.pl\/psychologia\/badania\/skala.html<\/em><\/a><em> (27.02.2012)<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e23facc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e23facc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Probl\u00e9m presnosti t\u00fdchto ukazovate\u013eov bol vyrie\u0161en\u00fd autorom testu. My sa pred v\u00fdskumom mus\u00edme uisti\u0165, \u010di je tento test st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1lny, t.j. \u010di sa jeho psychometrick\u00e9 vlastnosti nezmenili. Uveden\u00e1 operacionaliz\u00e1cia umiest\u0148uje ukazovatele v teste typu papier <em>\u2013 <\/em>ceruzka. In\u00e9 operacionaliz\u00e1cie tohto druhu m\u00f4\u017eu umiest\u0148ova\u0165 ukazovatele v dotazn\u00edkov\u00fdch anket\u00e1ch, na v\u00fdkresoch vykon\u00e1van\u00fdch sk\u00faman\u00fdmi, na \u0161k\u00e1lach postojov. V tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch hovor\u00edme, \u017ee s\u00fa to <em>ukazovatele defini\u010dn\u00e9, teda tak\u00e9, v ktor\u00fdch ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jav (\u010di\u017ee indicatum), je uveden\u00fd v defin\u00edcii premennej<\/em>. Skuto\u010dne tak bolo v diskutovanom pr\u00edklade: v defin\u00edcii sa nach\u00e1dzala inform\u00e1cia o umiestnen\u00ed ukazovate\u013eov. Podobn\u00e1 operacionaliz\u00e1cia sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje v s\u00favislosti so zn\u00e1mou premennou: sociometrick\u00e1 poloha, ktor\u00e1 je definovan\u00e1 ako po\u010det volieb v sociometrickom teste. Hotov\u00fd sociometrick\u00fd test v\u0161ak nem\u00e1me. Je zn\u00e1my len v\u0161eobecn\u00fd princ\u00edp jeho vytvorenia. Sk\u00faman\u00fdm osob\u00e1m treba polo\u017ei\u0165 ot\u00e1zku, ktorou operacionalizujeme ich vz\u0165ah sympatie <em>\u2013 <\/em>antipatie k druh\u00fdm. Ukazovate\u013eom tohto vz\u0165ahu bude ochota by\u0165 s danou osobou, a to v\u00fdberom spomedzi in\u00fdch os\u00f4b, vyjadren\u00e1 formou nap\u00edsania mena tejto osoby. Napr\u00edklad polo\u017ete testovan\u00fdm t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku: <em>Cel\u00e1 trieda ide na autobusov\u00fd v\u00fdlet do Talianska. Ve\u013ea hod\u00edn str\u00e1vime v autobuse. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 die\u0165a si m\u00f4\u017ee vybra\u0165, ved\u013ea koho by chcelo sedie\u0165 po\u010das celej cesty. Nap\u00ed\u0161 meno die\u0165a\u0165a, ktor\u00e9 si vyber\u00e1\u0161. <\/em>\u0160trukt\u00fara sociometrick\u00e9ho testu je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na vysokej pravdepodobnosti, \u017ee existuje siln\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi realizovan\u00fdm v\u00fdberom a vn\u00edmanou atraktivitou vybranej osoby. Ukazovate\u013e je vytvoren\u00fd podan\u00edm po\u010dtu volieb (v s\u00falade s defin\u00edciou), ktor\u00fd dostala ka\u017ed\u00e1 testovan\u00e1 osoba.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Doteraz sme sa zaoberali operacionaliz\u00e1ciou kvantitat\u00edvnych premenn\u00fdch, objekt\u00edvnych rozmerov, ktor\u00e9 sa vyskytuj\u00fa vo v\u00fdskumoch\u00a0 eduka\u010dnej\u00a0 reality.\u00a0 Teraz\u00a0 sa\u00a0 budeme\u00a0 zaobera\u0165 pr\u00edpadmi operacionaliz\u00e1cie kvalitat\u00edvnych premenn\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v subjekt\u00edvnej realite. Ide o odli\u0161n\u00fd postup, preto\u017ee k operacionaliz\u00e1cii nedoch\u00e1dza pred etapou zhroma\u017e\u010fovania \u00fadajov. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci sa nevyzbrojuj\u00fa n\u00e1strojmi vytvoren\u00fdmi \u201eza stolom\u201d, ale pracuj\u00fa na operacionaliz\u00e1cii po\u010das zhroma\u017e\u010fovania \u00fadajov. Vypl\u00fdva to z konceptualiz\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 nespo\u010d\u00edva v presnom definovan\u00ed premenn\u00fdch, ale v ur\u010den\u00ed ich v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch teoretick\u00fdch r\u00e1mcov. Eduka\u010dn\u00e1 realita, ktor\u00fa sk\u00famame, prebieha spont\u00e1nne a v\u00fdskumn\u00edci m\u00f4\u017eu do nej len nazrie\u0165, alebo sa za\u010dleni\u0165 bez predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich nastaven\u00ed a pr\u00edprav. Odha\u013euj\u00fa toti\u017e individu\u00e1lne, origin\u00e1lne obrazy eduka\u010dnej praxe. Za\u010dnime pr\u00edpadom nahliadnutia do sveta eduk\u00e1cie. M\u00f4\u017ee n\u00edm by\u0165 napr\u00edklad reklama, prostredn\u00edctvom ktorej sa jej tvorcovia sna\u017eia nie\u010do poveda\u0165 pr\u00edjemcom. Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto prenosov maj\u00fa vzdel\u00e1vac\u00ed charakter, preto\u017ee bu\u010f predstavuj\u00fa intervenciu do v\u00fdvoja pr\u00edjemcov, alebo na nich p\u00f4sobia cez mechanizmy u\u010denia, sugescie, at\u010f. N\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdskum vysvet\u013euje, ak\u00e9 obrazy \u017eenskosti m\u00f4\u017eeme stretn\u00fa\u0165 v reklame. Tieto obrazy predstavuj\u00fa vzory spr\u00e1vania, oble\u010denie pre \u017eeny a diev\u010dat\u00e1, tak\u017ee v tomto zmysle sa probl\u00e9m t\u00fdka sveta eduk\u00e1cie. Po preh\u013eadan\u00ed nieko\u013eko stoviek rekl\u00e1m, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa \u017eeny, boli vybrat\u00e9 tri na reprezentovanie celku. M\u00e1me teda prv\u00fa reklamu \u2013 billboard. V pr\u00edrodnej scen\u00e9rii, na pozad\u00ed h\u00f4r, rieky, lesu, stoj\u00ed ter\u00e9nne auto s otvoren\u00fdm kufrom. M\u00f4\u017eeme v \u0148om vidie\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fd neporiadok. V popred\u00ed s\u00fa plechovky piva (je to reklama piva). Ved\u013ea le\u017eia horolezeck\u00e9 top\u00e1nky, ve\u013ek\u00e1 debna, kladivo, sekera, tenisov\u00e1 raketa, elektrick\u00e1 p\u00edla a zrolovan\u00fd koberec, z ktor\u00e9ho vy\u010dnieva zakrvaven\u00e1, bezvl\u00e1dne le\u017eiaca \u017eensk\u00e1 ruka. Vidite\u013en\u00fd je tie\u017e n\u00e1pis, ktor\u00fd hovor\u00ed, \u017ee aj za tak\u00fdchto okolnost\u00ed je pivo dobr\u00e9. Druh\u00e1 reklama ukazuje \u0161\u0165astn\u00fa rodinu s mamou, otcom a dvoma pobehuj\u00facimi de\u0165mi. Mama upratuje v kuchyni, deti sa hraj\u00fa, a spolu s nimi ocko. V\u0161etci traja pribehn\u00fa k mami\u010dke, ktor\u00e1 pripravila pre nich vynikaj\u00faci puding. Tretia reklama v porad\u00ed je vlastne ve\u013ek\u00fd plag\u00e1t, na ktorom je fotografia \u017eeny le\u017eiacej na boku z roztiahnut\u00fdmi stehnami, oble\u010den\u00e1 v erotickej bielizni, ktor\u00e1 v\u0161ak nezakr\u00fdva celkom jej prsia a vag\u00ednu. Prist\u00fapen\u00edm k presk\u00famavaniu t\u00fdchto rekl\u00e1m vieme len, \u017ee v nich h\u013ead\u00e1me \u017eeny a zis\u0165ujeme, \u010di v nich umiestnen\u00fd obsah m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ukazovate\u013eom pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9ho obrazu \u017eenskosti. V prvej reklame vid\u00edme ukazovatele mu\u017esk\u00e9ho sveta: dobrodru\u017estvo (hory, voda, les, ter\u00e9nne auto), predmety typicky mu\u017esk\u00e9: kladivo, sekera, elektrick\u00e1 p\u00edla na rezanie dreva, at\u010f. Ak sa pozrieme na koberec a z neho vy\u010dnievaj\u00facu \u017eensk\u00fa ruku, domnievame sa, \u017ee je v \u0148om m\u0155tve telo \u017eeny, zavra\u017edenej pravdepodobne jedn\u00fdm z uk\u00e1zan\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov. Teraz rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013eame o tomto ukazovateli, ak\u00fd obraz \u017eenskosti m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 t\u00e1to reklama. Zameriavame sa na obraz \u017eeny ako obete, predmetu mu\u017esk\u00fdch, hr\u00f4zostra\u0161n\u00fdch hier. Aby sme mohli verifikova\u0165 tak\u00e9to ukazovatele, m\u00f4\u017eeme po\u017eiada\u0165 odborn\u00edkov na kult\u00farne obrazy \u017eenskosti, ako sa oni pozeraj\u00fa na takto vn\u00edman\u00e9 ukazovatele. Verifik\u00e1cia uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u010di existuje vz\u0165ah medzi uveden\u00fdm javom, teda obrazom \u017eeny ako obete, a ukazovate\u013eom, ktor\u00fdm je m\u0155tve telo \u017eeny za op\u00edsan\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed. V skuto\u010dnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 inak operacionalizova\u0165 premenn\u00e9 uveden\u00e9 v tejto reklame. Druh\u00e1 reklama tie\u017e obsahuje obraz \u017eeny. Na \u010do teda poukazuj\u00fa zaregistrovan\u00e9 premenn\u00e9? Hrdinovia vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa dva druhy aktiv\u00edt: deti a mu\u017e sa bezstarostne hraj\u00fa, \u017eena v tom \u010dase upratuje, teda pracuje. Kto sa o koho star\u00e1? \u017dena sa vytrhne od pr\u00e1ce a d\u00e1va svojim chlapcom nie\u010do sladk\u00e9 (tak\u00fd je text rozpr\u00e1va\u010da). M\u00f4\u017eeme si v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee v tejto reklame s\u00fa ukazovatele \u00faloh, ktor\u00e9 plnia rodi\u010dia. Otec v \u00falohe die\u0165a\u0165a, a mama v \u00falohe sl\u00fa\u017eky, preto\u017ee pracuje a pod\u00e1va ostatn\u00fdm \u010dlenom rodiny nie\u010do na jedenie. V\u00fdsledok tohto v\u00fdberu ukazovate\u013eov je potrebn\u00e9 analogicky k predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej situ\u00e1cii verifikova\u0165. A tretia reklama zobrazuje \u017eenu ako sexu\u00e1lny objekt. Jej oble\u010denie, p\u00f3zy a aktivitu mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za ukazovatele erotickej pripravenosti, ktor\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edva v poku\u0161en\u00ed (poh\u013ead priamo do o\u010d\u00ed pozorovate\u013ea) a \u010dakan\u00ed. Znovu je potrebn\u00e9 verifikova\u0165 tak\u00fdto v\u00fdber ukazovate\u013eov. Po\u010fme sa teraz pozrie\u0165 na postup operacionaliz\u00e1cie. M\u00e1me do\u010dinenia so sekund\u00e1rnymi zdrojmi, teda objektmi, ktor\u00e9 neboli vytvoren\u00e9 na ciele na\u0161ich v\u00fdskumov, ale len \u201esekund\u00e1rne\u201d vyu\u017eit\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00edkmi. Tak\u00fdchto zdrojov je nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo. S\u00fa to knihy, \u010dasopisy, filmy, budovy, umeleck\u00e9 diela, \u0161kolsk\u00e9 u\u010debnice, usporiadanie priestoru, at\u010f. Vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch z nich mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 ukazovatele eduka\u010dn\u00fdch a kult\u00farnych odkazov. V tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch sa <em>operacionaliz\u00e1cia vz\u0165ahuje k inferen\u010dn\u00fdm ukazovate\u013eom, v ktor\u00fdch uveden\u00fd jav treba vyvodi\u0165 nepriamo z nejak\u00fdch objektov, situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 nes\u00favisia s v\u00fdskumom<\/em>. Inferova\u0165 znamen\u00e1 vlastne odvodzova\u0165, robi\u0165 z\u00e1very. Ide o najdlh\u0161iu a najkomplikovanej\u0161iu, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 najmenej ist\u00fa cestu v\u00fdberu ukazovate\u013eov. Vz\u0165ah medzi uveden\u00fdm javom a ukazovate\u013eom, ktor\u00fd som uviedol, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade spochybnen\u00fd. Je hypotetick\u00fd, neist\u00fd. Tak\u00e1to operacionaliz\u00e1cia vy\u017eaduje osobitn\u00fa presnos\u0165 na logickej \u00farovni a ve\u013ek\u00fa intelektu\u00e1lnu discipl\u00ednu tak, aby sa nevych\u00e1dzalo pr\u00edli\u0161 \u010faleko mimo sk\u00faman\u00fa oblas\u0165.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Druh\u00fd pr\u00edklad operacionaliz\u00e1cie kvalitat\u00edvnej premennej sa bude t\u00fdka\u0165 v\u00fdskumov, ktor\u00e9 ved\u00fa k objasneniu kult\u00farneho mechanizmu fungovania \u0161koly zalo\u017eenej na spolo\u010denskej zmluve. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci sa musia v tomto pr\u00edpade za\u010dleni\u0165 do \u017eivota \u0161koly. M\u00f4\u017eu tam \u00eds\u0165 ako praktikanti, u\u010ditelia na v\u00fdmenn\u00fa n\u00e1v\u0161tevu, a t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom by sa mohli \u013eahko adaptova\u0165 a z\u00edska\u0165 poh\u013ead do ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Nemaj\u00fa vopred pripraven\u00e9 ukazovatele, hoci s\u00fa v \u00falohe pozorovate\u013eov. Jeden z nich si v\u0161imne, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u017eiakov je zapojen\u00e1 do nejak\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 nemaj\u00fa priamu s\u00favislos\u0165 s vyu\u010dovac\u00edm procesom. Niektor\u00ed z nich pr\u00e1ve organizuj\u00fa skupinu, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4jde na pouli\u010dn\u00fa manifest\u00e1ciu. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed pracuj\u00fa v komisii, ktorej \u00falohou je pr\u00edprava \u0161kolsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu hodnotenia, a ktor\u00fd bude musie\u0165 by\u0165 v neskor\u0161\u00edch f\u00e1zach schv\u00e1len\u00fd cel\u00fdm \u0161kolsk\u00fdm spolo\u010denstvom. Je tu tie\u017e skupina diev\u010dat, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 organizovan\u00edm s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e\u00ed historick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed pre rodi\u010dov. Spolupracuj\u00fa s u\u010dite\u013emi hist\u00f3rie. Okrem t\u00fdchto \u017eiackych aktiv\u00edt pracuj\u00fa tie\u017e u\u010ditelia v skupine podpory pre svojich kolegov a kolegyne, ktor\u00ed odi\u0161li do d\u00f4chodku a nedok\u00e1\u017eu sa vyrovna\u0165 s novou situ\u00e1ciou. U\u010ditelia telesnej v\u00fdchovy zas ved\u00fa cvi\u010denia jogy pre cel\u00e9 spolo\u010denstvo \u0161koly. V \u0161kole m\u00f4\u017eeme tie\u017e stretn\u00fa\u0165 rodi\u010dov, ktor\u00ed sa z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00fa tane\u010dn\u00fdch kurzov organizovan\u00fdch u\u010dite\u013emi hudby. Na za\u010diatku sa na\u0161i v\u00fdskumn\u00edci nemohli zorientova\u0165 v tomto svete. Ale po ur\u010ditej dobe si v\u0161imli, \u017ee to, \u010do sp\u00e1ja t\u00fdchto \u201eaktivistov\u201d, je potreba ma\u0165 vplyv na udalosti, pocit vedenia. Nie v\u0161etci v\u00fdskumn\u00edci s\u00fahlasili s takou konceptualiz\u00e1ciou tejto situ\u00e1cie. Ale ke\u010f sa im podarilo z\u00edska\u0165 tak\u00fa premenn\u00fa, za\u010dali h\u013eada\u0165 jej ukazovatele. Rozhodli sa za\u010dleni\u0165 do niektor\u00fdch z t\u00fdchto skup\u00edn. V skupine, ktor\u00e1 pripravuje syst\u00e9m hodnotenia, pracovali \u017eiaci. Povedali, \u017ee teraz s\u00fa sami, svoje n\u00e1pady ods\u00fahlasuj\u00fa s kamar\u00e1tmi a kamar\u00e1tkami, ale v \u010fal\u0161om t\u00fd\u017edni podobn\u00fa pr\u00e1cu za\u010dn\u00fa aj u\u010ditelia. \u017diaci prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eali, ako treba rie\u0161i\u0165 hodnotenia za r\u00f4zne aktivity. Napr\u00edklad, \u010di hodnotenie \u0161kolskej \u00falohy zodpoved\u00e1 hodnoteniu dom\u00e1cej \u00falohy, a \u010di t\u00e1 je ekvivalentn\u00e1 hodnoteniu za refer\u00e1t. Konzultovali to vo svojej skupine a chceli ma\u0165 v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch dn\u00ed u\u017e prekonzultovan\u00fd projekt s ostatn\u00fdmi \u017eiakmi. Rozhodli sa toti\u017e, \u017ee predbehn\u00fa u\u010dite\u013eov, a ke\u010f oni za\u010dn\u00fa svoju pr\u00e1cu, hne\u010f im uk\u00e1\u017eu svoj n\u00e1pad. Chceli im v skuto\u010dnosti navrhn\u00fa\u0165 v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie pre seba. Na\u0161i v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee je to vlastne ukazovate\u013e potreby ma\u0165 vplyv na udalosti, kontrolova\u0165 situ\u00e1ciu. Sved\u010dilo to o silnom zaanga\u017eovan\u00ed \u017eiakov do tohto projektu a obava, \u017ee u\u010ditelia m\u00f4\u017eu vymyslie\u0165 nie\u010do menej priazniv\u00e9 pre nich. V ostatn\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch boli tie\u017e n\u00e1jden\u00e9 ukazovatele pre t\u00fato premenn\u00fa. Napr\u00edklad rodi\u010dia z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00faci sa v s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei historick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed chceli t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom motivova\u0165 svoje deti, aby sa u\u010dili tento predmet. Bola to teda aktivita, ktor\u00e1 bola uznan\u00e1 za ukazovate\u013e pocitu vedenia, potreby vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na priebeh udalost\u00ed. Podobne v skupine \u017eiakov organizuj\u00facich manifest\u00e1ciu sa nach\u00e1dzali osoby, ktor\u00e9 nechceli pas\u00edvne \u010daka\u0165, k\u00fdm mestsk\u00fd \u00farad rozhodne, \u017ee nebude pokra\u010dova\u0165 v budovan\u00ed cyklistick\u00fdch tr\u00e1s. Po\u010d\u00edtali s t\u00fdm, \u017ee obsah na ich transparentoch bude ma\u0165 vplyv na zmenu rozhodnutia mestsk\u00fdch org\u00e1nov. Tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie bolo tie\u017e uznan\u00e9 za ukazovate\u013e t\u00fa\u017eby ma\u0165 vplyv na udalosti. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed pozorovania v \u0161kole v\u00fdskumn\u00edci vykonali verifik\u00e1ciu t\u00fdchto ukazovate\u013eov. Urobili to tak, \u017ee zorganizovali skupinov\u00e9 interview s u\u010dite\u013emi, \u017eiakmi a rodi\u010dmi. V obsahu diskusi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 viedli sk\u00faman\u00e9 osoby, trikr\u00e1t identifikovali ukazovatele pocitu vedenia, potreby vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na priebeh udalost\u00ed, hoci z\u00e1rove\u0148 pochopili, \u017ee t\u00e1to premenn\u00e1 nebola ani hlavn\u00fdm, ani jedin\u00fdm mot\u00edvom vysvet\u013euj\u00facim fungovanie tejto \u0161kolskej kult\u00fary. Tak\u017ee to bola ne\u00fapln\u00e1 verifik\u00e1cia.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vo vy\u0161\u0161ie uvedenom pr\u00edklade boli presk\u00faman\u00e9 inferen\u010dn\u00e9 ukazovatele, pr\u00e1ve preto bol proces ich verifikovania tak \u0165a\u017ek\u00fd, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nie pr\u00edli\u0161 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd. Je potrebn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee ukazovatele boli nach\u00e1dzan\u00e9 ani nie tak priamo v spr\u00e1van\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b, ako v ich individu\u00e1lnych opisoch tohto spr\u00e1vania, zhroma\u017eden\u00fdch po\u010das rozhovorov a vyjadren\u00ed, teda vo v\u00fdtvoroch, ktor\u00e9 by sa mali pova\u017eova\u0165 za sekund\u00e1rne zdroje. Pozorovan\u00fd \u017eivot v \u0161kole nebol aktivizovan\u00fd na potreby v\u00fdskumu, ale prebiehal spont\u00e1nne, a sk\u00faman\u00ed sa len k nemu pripojili. Takto operacionalizovan\u00e9 premenn\u00e9 s\u00fa neinvaz\u00edvne, nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa nov\u00fa realitu a nezasahuj\u00fa do ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota sk\u00faman\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva. Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka tomu m\u00f4\u017eeme pozna\u0165 individu\u00e1lny obraz eduka\u010dnej praxe.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z uskuto\u010dnenej anal\u00fdzy mo\u017eno vybra\u0165 najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ot\u00e1zky. Po prv\u00e9, rozl\u00ed\u0161ili sme tri druhy ukazovate\u013eov: empirick\u00e9, defini\u010dn\u00e9 a inferen\u010dn\u00e9. Ich defin\u00edcie sme u\u017e spoznali. Niekedy sa tieto ukazovatele vyskytuj\u00fa v zmie\u0161an\u00fdch form\u00e1ch, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee po\u010det ich typov sa zvy\u0161uje na sedem. Po druh\u00e9, v\u00fdskumn\u00edci uk\u00e1zali miesta, kde sa ukazovatele nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa: spr\u00e1vanie sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b, testy a dotazn\u00edky, sekund\u00e1rne zdroje a vyjadrenia sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b. Ak\u00fd je vz\u0165ah medzi typmi ukazovate\u013eov a miestami ich umiestnenia ukazuje tabu\u013eka 4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6da3e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_table\" data-id=\"6da3e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unlimited Table -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unlimited Table *\/\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b.ue-table {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n  opacity: 0;\n  transition: opacity .3s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-header .tabulator-col svg,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-table .tabulator-cell svg {\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b.ue-table.uc-show {\n  opacity: 1;\n}\n\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__tools {\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: flex-end;\n  }\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__search-btn,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__search-fields-toggle {\n  height: 100%\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__filter-container {\n  position: relative;\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__search-fields {\n  position: absolute;\n  top: 0;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-height: 200px;\n  overflow: auto;\n  list-style-type: none;\n  z-index: 2;\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n  gap: .5em;\n  transform-origin: top center;\n  transform: scaleY(0);\n  transition: transform .3s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__search-fields.uc-show {\n  transform: scaleY(1);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table__search-fields li {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 0.5em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .ue-table-icon {\n  position: relative;\n\tdisplay: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  padding: 5px;\n}\n\n\n.ue-table__templates-container {\n\tdisplay: none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-cell {\t\n  white-space: normal;\n}\n\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-responsive-collapse {\t\n      white-space: normal;\n  }\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-col {\n  color: #FFFFFF;\n  background-color: #526894;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-col:hover {\n  background-color: ;\n}\n\n\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-col,\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-cell,\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator .tabulator-row .tabulator-col,\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator .tabulator-row .tabulator-cell {\n      border-left-style: solid;\n    border-left: none;\n  }\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: 1px;\n      border-left-color: #555555;\n    border-left-style: solid;\n  }\n\n@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: ;\n  }\n}\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: ;\n  }\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-headers .tabulator-col:last-of-type,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-row .tabulator-cell:last-of-type{\n  border-right: none !important;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b .tabulator-col-resize-handle:last-of-type {\n  display: none;\n}\n\n\n.tabulator-col,\n.tabulator-row,\n.tabulator-cell,\n.ue-table-column__button {\n  transition: all .2s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n.ue-table-column__button {\n  display: inline-block;\n}\n\n\/*\n.tabulator-headers>.tabulator-col:not([class*='elementor-repeater-item']),\n.tabulator-table>.tabulator-row>.tabulator-cell:not([tabulator-field*='column']) {\n\twidth: 100px !important;\n}\n*\/\n\n.tabulator-table>.tabulator-row>.tabulator-cell:not([tabulator-field*='column'])\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n   \n\n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_table_elementor_6da3e9b\" class=\"ue-table\">\n    <div class=\"ue-table__tools\" role=\"menu\">\n                            <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ue-table__container\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"ue-table__templates-container\">\n  \t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- end Unlimited Table -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-706d4f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"706d4f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>zdroj: vlastn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-463fd56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"463fd56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Priradenie vo vy\u0161\u0161ie uvedenej tabu\u013eke nie je striktn\u00e9 v tom zmysle, \u017ee sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytn\u00fa\u0165 premiestnenia medzi niektor\u00fdmi (nie v\u0161etk\u00fdmi) kateg\u00f3riami. St\u00e1va sa, aj ke\u010f len zriedka, \u017ee defini\u010dn\u00fd ukazovate\u013e mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 v sekund\u00e1rnom zdroji. Tabu\u013eka v\u0161ak ukazuje dominantn\u00e9 priradenie typov ukazovate\u013eov na miesta ich lokaliz\u00e1cie v\u00fdskumn\u00edkmi. Tieto miesta s\u00fa \u00fazko spojen\u00e9 s met\u00f3dami zhroma\u017e\u010fovania \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa rozoberan\u00e9 v \u010fal\u0161ej kapitole. Po tretie, je \u013eahk\u00e9 si v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee existuje tie\u017e vz\u0165ah medzi sp\u00f4sobom kon\u0161truovania ukazovate\u013eov a typmi sk\u00famanej eduka\u010dnej reality. V pr\u00edpade objekt\u00edvnej eduka\u010dnej praxe sa kon\u0161truovanie a verifik\u00e1cia ukazovate\u013eov vykon\u00e1va pred zhroma\u017e\u010fovan\u00edm \u00fadajov. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk priprav\u00ed ukazovatele, ktor\u00e9 sa potom objavia vo vyprovokovanej aktivite sk\u00faman\u00fdch, napr. spr\u00e1vanie, vyp\u013a\u0148anie testov, anketov\u00fdch dotazn\u00edkov. V\u0161etci sk\u00faman\u00ed s\u00fa konfrontovan\u00ed s rovnakou z\u00e1sobou ukazovate\u013eov, preto\u017ee v\u00fdskum m\u00e1 vies\u0165 k formul\u00e1cii vysvetlenia, ktor\u00e9 sa t\u00fdka v\u0161eobecnej pravidelnosti vz\u0165ahovanej k popul\u00e1cii. Av\u0161ak v pr\u00edpade subjekt\u00edvnej verzie eduka\u010dnej reality v\u00fdskumn\u00edci nepripravuj\u00fa ukazovatele pred v\u00fdskumom, preto\u017ee nemaj\u00fa presn\u00e9 defin\u00edcie svojich premenn\u00fdch, a dokonca ani \u00fapln\u00fd zoznam premenn\u00fdch. Pri realizovan\u00ed v\u00fdskumu h\u013eadaj\u00fa ukazovatele pre identifikovan\u00e9 premenn\u00e9 v spr\u00e1van\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch, ich v\u00fdtvoroch, v sekund\u00e1rnych zdrojoch. Priebe\u017ene tieto ukazovatele verifikuj\u00fa, ber\u00fac do \u00favahy n\u00e1zory in\u00fdch v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov, alebo aj zmenou met\u00f3dy h\u013eadania \u00fadajov alebo zdroja. Tak\u00fdto sp\u00f4sob operacionaliz\u00e1cie vypl\u00fdva zo skuto\u010dnosti pozn\u00e1vania nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00fdch a subjekt\u00edvnych rozmerov eduka\u010dnej praxe. Nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 takto ch\u00e1pan\u00fa empirick\u00fa realitu \u201eprelo\u017ei\u0165\u201d do hotov\u00fdch, uniformn\u00fdch ukazovate\u013eov, preto\u017ee v\u00fdskum m\u00e1 individualistick\u00fd charakter. A po \u0161tvrt\u00e9, je mo\u017en\u00e9 tie\u017e pozorova\u0165 vz\u0165ah operacionaliz\u00e1cie so sch\u00e9mami v\u00fdskumu. Ukazovatele, hlavne inferen\u010dn\u00e9, s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 v \u013eudsk\u00fdch v\u00fdtvoroch, sekund\u00e1rnych zdrojoch, pr\u00edbehoch <em>\u2013 <\/em>v pr\u00edpade etnografickej, historickej sch\u00e9my a pr\u00edpadovej \u0161t\u00fadie. K\u00fdm ukazovatele umiestnen\u00e9 v testoch, dotazn\u00edkoch a spr\u00e1van\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa hlavne v sch\u00e9mach: experiment\u00e1lnej, korela\u010dnej a kv\u00e1zi-experiment\u00e1lnej. Po\u010fme sa pozrie\u0165 na s\u00fahrnn\u00fa tabu\u013eku t\u00fdchto anal\u00fdz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d73cb9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d73cb9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Tabu\u013eka 5. Ukazovatele, sch\u00e9my, umiestnenia ukazovate\u013eov a typy sk\u00famanej reality. Porovnanie<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c293129 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_table\" data-id=\"c293129\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unlimited Table -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unlimited Table *\/\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129.ue-table {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n  opacity: 0;\n  transition: opacity .3s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-header .tabulator-col svg,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-table .tabulator-cell svg {\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129.ue-table.uc-show {\n  opacity: 1;\n}\n\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__tools {\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: flex-end;\n  }\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__search-btn,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__search-fields-toggle {\n  height: 100%\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__filter-container {\n  position: relative;\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__search-fields {\n  position: absolute;\n  top: 0;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-height: 200px;\n  overflow: auto;\n  list-style-type: none;\n  z-index: 2;\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n  gap: .5em;\n  transform-origin: top center;\n  transform: scaleY(0);\n  transition: transform .3s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__search-fields.uc-show {\n  transform: scaleY(1);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table__search-fields li {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 0.5em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .ue-table-icon {\n  position: relative;\n\tdisplay: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  padding: 5px;\n}\n\n\n.ue-table__templates-container {\n\tdisplay: none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-cell {\t\n  white-space: normal;\n}\n\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-responsive-collapse {\t\n      white-space: normal;\n  }\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-col {\n  color: #FFFFFF;\n  background-color: #526894;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-col:hover {\n  background-color: ;\n}\n\n\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-col,\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator .tabulator-header .tabulator-cell,\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator .tabulator-row .tabulator-col,\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator .tabulator-row .tabulator-cell {\n      border-left-style: solid;\n    border-left: none;\n  }\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: 1px;\n      border-left-color: #555555;\n    border-left-style: solid;\n  }\n\n@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: ;\n  }\n}\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\n  #uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-col-resize-handle {\n    border-width: ;\n  }\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-headers .tabulator-col:last-of-type,\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-row .tabulator-cell:last-of-type{\n  border-right: none !important;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129 .tabulator-col-resize-handle:last-of-type {\n  display: none;\n}\n\n\n.tabulator-col,\n.tabulator-row,\n.tabulator-cell,\n.ue-table-column__button {\n  transition: all .2s ease-in-out;\n}\n\n.ue-table-column__button {\n  display: inline-block;\n}\n\n\/*\n.tabulator-headers>.tabulator-col:not([class*='elementor-repeater-item']),\n.tabulator-table>.tabulator-row>.tabulator-cell:not([tabulator-field*='column']) {\n\twidth: 100px !important;\n}\n*\/\n\n.tabulator-table>.tabulator-row>.tabulator-cell:not([tabulator-field*='column'])\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n\t    \n\n\n\n   \n\n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n   \n\n    \t \n  \n   \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t \n\t\n     \n  \n\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_table_elementor_c293129\" class=\"ue-table\">\n    <div class=\"ue-table__tools\" role=\"menu\">\n                            <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ue-table__container\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"ue-table__templates-container\">\n  \t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- end Unlimited Table -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa95543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa95543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>zdroj: vlastn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PROBLEMATIZOVANIE EDUKA\u010cNEJ REALITY. PRAKTICK\u00c1 METODOL\u00d3GIA Operacionaliz\u00e1cia premenn\u00fdch Pojem a typy ukazovate\u013eov Ke\u010f u\u017e vykon\u00e1me konceptualiz\u00e1ciu a problematiz\u00e1ciu, mus\u00edme sa postara\u0165 o preklad na\u0161ich premenn\u00fdch z jazyka te\u00f3rie do jazyka praxe, preto\u017ee pr\u00e1ve tam sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa empirick\u00e9 \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 vo v\u00fdskume mus\u00edme zhroma\u017edi\u0165. Jazyk te\u00f3rie je jazykom kon\u0161truktov, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdznamy s\u00fa zahrnut\u00e9 v defin\u00edcii. Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5275","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5275"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5275\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5378,"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5275\/revisions\/5378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-ucebnice.ff.ucm.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}